Cracks Emanating From an Erosion in a Pressurized Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Cylinder—Part I: Semi-Circular and Arc Erosions

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl ◽  
H. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Nodal Displacement ◽  
Short Cracks ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Erosion geometry effects on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from the erosion’s deepest point in an autofrettaged, pressurized, thick-walled cylinder are investigated. The problem is solved via the FEM method and knowledge of the asymptotic behavior of short cracks. Autofrettage, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIFs are evaluated for a variety of relative crack lengths, a0/W = 0.01 – 0.45, emanating from the tip of erosions of different geometries. In Part I of this paper, two configurations are considered: (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 5 percent of the cylinder’s wall thickness, W; and (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/W = 0.05 – 0.4. While deep cracks are almost unaffected by the erosion, the effective SIF for relatively short cracks is found to be significantly enhanced by the presence and geometry of the erosion and might reduce the vessel’s fatigue life.

The Influence of Finite Three Dimensional Multiple Axial Erosions on the Fatigue Life of Partially Autofrettaged Pressurized Cylinders

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl ◽  
Q. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Nodal Displacement ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Erosion geometry effects on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from the farthest erosion’s deepest point in a finitely or fully multiply eroded, partially autofrettaged, pressurized, thick-walled cylinder is investigated. The problem is solved via the FEM method. Autofrettage, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIFs were evaluated for a variety of relative crack depths, a/t = 0.01 – 0.30 and crack ellipticities, a/c = 0.5 – 1.5 emanating from the tip of the erosion of various geometries, namely, a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10% of the cylinder’s wall thickness, t; b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/t = 0.05 – 0.3; and C) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h = 0.5 – 1.5. In the cases of finite erosions, the semi-erosion length to the semicrack length, Le/c, was between 2 and 10, erosion angular spacing, α, was between 7 and 120 degrees, whereas autofrettage effects investigated were for 30%, 60% and 100% autofrettage. The normalized SIFs and the normalized effective SIFs of a crack emanating from the farthest finite erosion are found to rise sharply for values of Le/c < 3. Both the normalized SIF and normalized effective SIF values are mitigated as the amount of partial autofrettage increases with the most rapid decrease occurring between 0–60% autofrettage. The purpose of this study is to detail these findings.

The Influence of Finite Three-Dimensional Multiple Axial Erosions on the Fatigue Life of Partially Autofrettaged Pressurized Cylinders

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl ◽  
Q. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Nodal Displacement ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Erosion geometry effects on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from the farthest erosion’s deepest point in a multiply, finite-length or full-length eroded, partially autofrettaged, pressurized, thick-walled cylinder is investigated. The problem is solved via the FEM method. Autofrettage, based on von Mises’ yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIFs were evaluated for a variety of relative crack depths, a/t=0.01-0.30 and crack ellipticities, a/c=0.5-1.5 emanating from the tip of the erosion of various geometries, namely, (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10% of the cylinder’s wall thickness, t; (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/t=0.05-0.3; and (c) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h=0.5-1.5. In the cases of finite erosions, the semi-erosion length to the semi-crack length, Le/c, was between two and ten, erosion angular spacing, α, was between 7 and 120 degrees, whereas percent autofrettage investigated included 30%, 60%, and 100%. The normalized SIFs and the normalized effective SIFs of a crack emanating from the farthest finite erosion are found to rise sharply for values of Le/c<3. Both the normalized SIF and normalized effective SIF values are mitigated as the amount of partial autofrettage increases with the most rapid decrease occurring between 0–60% autofrettage. The purpose of this study is to detail these findings.

The Influence of Multiple Axial Erosions on the Fatigue Life of Autofrettaged Pressurized Cylinders

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Perl ◽  
C. Levy ◽  
Q. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Dimensional Problem ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Short Cracks ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Erosion geometry effects on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from an erosion’s deepest point in a multiply eroded, autofrettaged, pressurized, thick-walled cylinder are investigated. The problem is simulated as a two-dimensional problem and is solved via the finite element method. Autofrettage, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIFs are evaluated for a variety of relative crack lengths, a0/t=0.01-0.45 emanating from the tip of erosions of different geometries, namely, (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10 percent of the cylinder’s wall thickness, t; (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/t=0.05-0.4; and (c) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h=0.5-1.5, and erosion span angle, α, from 6 deg to 360 deg. The effective SIF for relatively short cracks is found to be increased by the presence of the erosion, which in turn may result in a significant decrease in the vessel’s fatigue life of up to an order of magnitude. Deep cracks are found to be almost unaffected by the erosion.

Erosions and Their Effect on the Fatigue Life of Thick Walled, Autofrettaged, Pressurized Vessels

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl ◽  
Q. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Intensity Factors ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Cylinder Length ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
Von Mises

This paper summarizes the results that have been found in evaluating the effect of erosions on thick walled, autofrettaged, pressurized, cracked vessels. The problem is solved numerically via the FEM method. Autofrettage, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and stress intensity factors (SIF’s) are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIF’s were evaluated for a variety of relative crack depths a/t and crack ellipticities a/c emanating from the tip of the erosion of various geometries, namely, (a) semi-circular erosions of small relative depths of the cylinder’s wall thickness t; (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature r′/t; and (c) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h. Other parameters evaluated were, in the cases of finite erosions, the semi-erosion length to the semicrack length Le/c, the erosion angular spacing α, and the autofrettage level. First, we summarize the differences found between a vessel with one erosion and one with multiple erosions. We show that for full cylinder length erosions, the erosions tend to make smaller cracks more dangerous than larger cracks in fully autofrettaged vessels and that as the crack grows the stress intensity factor initially decreases. We then show that as the crack grows further, the effect is to increase the effective stress intensity factor (SIF) but also to practically void the existence of the erosion. We show further that lower levels of autofrettage will lead to higher effective SIF’s but that partially eroded cylinders (cylinders where erosions are a fraction of the cylinder length) lead to lower SIF’s. Affecting these values in all cases, of course, are the erosion geometry and depth as well as the crack geometry and depth.

Stress Concentration and Stress Intensity for Pressurized Eroded Autofrettaged Thick Cylinders With Bauschinger Effect

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Ma ◽  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Bauschinger Effect ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Short Cracks ◽  
Finite Element Package ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Our previous studies have shown that stress intensity factors (SIFs) are influenced considerably from the presence of the Bauschinger Effect (BE) in thick-walled pressurized cracked cylinders. For some types of pressure vessels, such as gun barrels, working in corrosive environment, in addition to acute temperature gradients and repetitive high-pressure impulses, erosions can be practically induced. Those erosions cause stress concentration at the bore, where cracks can readily initiate and propagate. In this study, The BE on the SIFs will be investigated for a crack emanating from an erosion’s deepest point in a multiply eroded autofrettaged, pressurized thick-walled cylinder. A commercial finite element package, ANSYS, was employed to perform this type of analysis. A two-dimensional model, analogous to the authors’ previous studies, has been adopted for this new investigation. Autofrettage with and without BE, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and the SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. The SIFs are evaluated for a variety of relative crack lengths, a0/t = 0.01–0.45 emanating from the tip of the erosion of different geometries including (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10 percent of the cylinder’s wall thickness, t; (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/t = 0.05–0.4; and (c) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h = 0.5–1.5, and erosion span angle, α, from 6 deg to 360 deg. The effective SIFs for relatively short cracks are found to be increased by the presence of the erosion and further increased due to the BE, which may result in a significant decrease in the vessel’s fatigue life. Deep cracks are found to be almost unaffected by the erosion, but are considerably affected by BE.

The Influence of Multiple Axial Erosions on a Three-Dimensional Crack in Determining the Fatigue Life of Autofrettaged Pressurized Cylinders

2001 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl ◽  
Q. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Short Cracks ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Erosion geometry effects on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from an erosion’s deepest point in a multiply eroded, autofrettaged, pressurized, thick-walled cylinder are investigated. The problem is solved via the finite element method (FEM). Autofrettage, based on von Mises yield criterion, is simulated by thermal loading and SIFs are determined by the nodal displacement method. SIFs are evaluated for a variety of relative crack depths, a0/t=0.01-0.40, and crack ellipticities, a0/c=0.5-1.5, emanating from the tip of erosions of different geometry, namely: (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10 percent of the cylinder’s wall thickness, t; (b) arc erosions for several dimensionless radii of curvature, r′/t=0.05-0.4; and (c) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h=0.3-2.0. The erosion separation angle, α, is taken from 7 to 360 deg. Deep cracks are found to be almost unaffected by the erosion. The effective SIF for relatively short cracks is enhanced by the presence, separation distance and geometry of the erosion, as well as the crack geometry, and may result in a significant decrease in the vessel’s fatigue life of up to an order of magnitude.

Cracks Emanating From an Erosion in a Pressurized Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Cylinder—Part II: Erosion Depth and Ellipticity Effects

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Perl ◽  
C. Levy ◽  
H. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Erosion Depth ◽  
Short Cracks ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Walled Cylinder

In Part I of this paper, the effects of constant depth erosion on the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) were determined for a crack emanating from the erosion deepest point in a pressurized, autofrettaged, thick-walled cylinder. The erosion geometries investigated included semi-circular erosions and several arc erosions of various radii of curvature. Due to the trends found in that portion of the study, erosion depth and ellipticity are believed to have equally important impact on the SIFs. The present paper delves further into these two parameters using the following configurations: (a) semi-circular erosions of relative depths of 1–10 percent of the cylinder’s wall thickness, W; and (b) semi-elliptical erosions with ellipticities of d/h = 0.3 – 2.0. Deep cracks are found to be practically unaffected by the erosion, similar to the results presented in Part I of the paper. The effective SIF for relatively short cracks is found to be dramatically enhanced by the stress concentration factor (SCF), which encompasses the depth of the erosion as well as its radius of curvature at the tip. As a result of the increased effective SIF, a significant decrease in the vessel’s fatigue life of up to an order of magnitude may occur.

A limit load solution for a thick-walled cylinder with a fully circumferential crack under axial tension

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Budden ◽  
Y Lei
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Perfectly Plastic ◽  
Elastic Perfectly Plastic ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Inside Radius ◽  
Walled Cylinder

Limit loads for a thick-walled cylinder with an internal or external fully circumferential surface crack under pure axial load are derived on the basis of the von Mises yield criterion. The solutions reproduce the existing thin-walled solution when the ratio between the cylinder wall thickness and the inside radius tends to zero. The solutions are compared with published finite element limit load results for an elastic–perfectly plastic material. The comparison shows that the theoretical solutions are conservative and very close to the finite element data.

Fracture Properties of Softwood under Mode I Loading Perpendicular to the Grain

2007 ◽  
Vol 340-341 ◽  
pp. 477-482
Author(s):  
Ming Bao Li ◽  
Jun Cao ◽  
Shi Qiang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Plastic Zone ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Compact Tension ◽  
Tension Test ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Mode I Loading ◽  
Compact Tension Test ◽  
Shape And Size

Fracture properties of softwood under mode I loading perpendicular to the grain are studied in this paper. The stress intensity factor KIC in the R and L directions is measured by the compact tension test using small several specimens. The shape and size of plastic zone in crack tip is determined by numerical simulations based on von Hill yield criterion. The results show that anisotropic material constants do not affect the length of plastic zone along crack direction and it only operates on the plastic zone with θcr≠ 0. Strength ratios α1, α2 and toughness ratios r1, r2, influencing on the plastic zone, are discussed. Comparative analysis shows that r1 and r2 work markedly on the shape and size of plastic zone, whereas α1, α2 do less.

scholarly journals 3D Finite Element Analysis of PWA-Oil Sand Terrain System Interaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Y. Li ◽  
S. Frimpong ◽  
W. Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Nodal Displacement ◽  
Von Mises

A simulator for analyzing the interaction between the oil sand terrain and a pipe wagon articulating (PWA) system has been developed in this paper. An elastic-plastic oil sand model was built based on the finite element analysis (FEA) method and von Mises yield criterion using the Algor mechanical event simulation (MES) software. The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the stress, strain, nodal displacement, and deformed shape of the oil sands was animated at an environmental temperature of 25°C. The 3D behavior of the oil sand terrain was investigated with different loading conditions. The effect of the load and contact area on the stress and nodal displacement was analyzed, respectively. The results indicate that both the max stress and max nodal displacement increase with the load varying from 0 to N and decrease with the contact area varying from 2 to 10 m2. The method presented in this paper forms the basis for evaluating the bearing capacity of oil sand ground.

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