Development of a New Tip Assembly for Lateral Force Microscopy and Its Application to Thin Film Magnetic Media

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-J. Lu ◽  
Zhaoguo Jiang ◽  
D. B. Bogy ◽  
T. Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Magnetic Media ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Scratch Tests

In a Lateral Force Microscope (LFM), appropriate spring constants of the tip assembly are essential for obtaining proper normal loads for wear or scratch tests and good lateral force signals. We developed a new tip assembly design for which the lateral and normal springs can be changed independently. It was installed on a LFM where two optical heads are used to detect the lateral and normal deflections of the tip assembly for simultaneous measurements of the surface topography and friction force. Reliable calibration procedures for the LFM are presented. The LFM was used to measure the lateral forces in wear tests under various normal forces for thin film magnetic disks with and without a carbon overcoat. The friction coefficient is constant in the load range where there is no wear and increases with normal load after the tip starts to damage the surface. The carbon-coated disk has a lower friction coefficient and can support larger normal loads without wear.

Effect of the Prepared Proceeding on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of DLC Films

2009 ◽  
Vol 60-61 ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
Guang Gui Cheng ◽  
Jian Ning Ding ◽  
Biao Kan ◽  
Zhen Fan
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Frictional Material ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Three Samples

In order to analyze the effect of proceeding on the mechanical and tribological properties of DLC films. Three DLC films samples on single silicon wafers were prepared by CVD method. The changed bias voltages were 300V, 350V, 450V separately. The structure and topography of prepared films were studied by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The hardness and elastic modulus together with friction coefficient of DLC films were measured by Tribolab system. According to the Raman spectra, the G and D peak shift to left with the increasing of bias voltage. Nano indent showed that the hardness (H) of the DLC films decreases from 19.63GPa to 18.12GPa with the increasing of bias voltages, and the value of elastic modulus (E) is also behaving the same trend as H from 157.95GPa to 146.95GPa. Friction coefficients of the three samples were measured by nano-scratch method under the constant normal load of 1000uN and the slide velocity of 3 um/sec, the corresponding friction coefficient is 0.0804 for DLC300, 0.0508for DLC350 and 0.0594 for DLC450 separately, which indicates that high hardness materials may not necessarily the perfect frictional material, but compound properties of hardness and elastic modulus

Chemical Imaging of Patterned Inorganic Thin-Film Structures by Lateral Force Microscopy

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (13) ◽  
pp. 2452-2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Utriainen ◽  
Antti Leijala ◽  
Lauri Niinistö ◽  
Raija Matero
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Lateral Force Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy

Introduction of a novel tribometer especially designed for scratch, adhesion and hardness investigation up to 1000℃

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Varga ◽  
M Flasch ◽  
E Badisch
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
The Common ◽  
Scratch Tests ◽  
Application Specific

In order to gain a fundamental understanding of material behaviour at elevated temperatures a unique tribometer was designed which can operate at temperatures up to 1000℃. The test takes place in vacuum in order to avoid oxidation and the normal load range varies from 10 to 500 N. It is thus possible to describe the evolution of hardness over a broad range of temperatures and loads. This can give indications of possible microstructural modifications, which can be investigated afterwards on cross sections. For the characterisation of single abrasive phenomena on a very fundamental level, scratch tests at variable loads are proposed. The interaction of sliding surfaces can be simulated by adhesion testing. To this end an application specific counter body, e.g. taken from a field specimen, can be slid over the specimen surface at variable loads. Finally, it can be stated that this newly designed tribometer offers an enormous potential for deeper understanding of fundamental wear phenomena like ploughing, micro-breaking or adhesion occurring at high temperature. The possibilities of high temperature scratch and hardness testing with the new measurement system are shown on the common austenitic stainless steel 1.4301 (AISI 304).

Tribological Behavior of Cubic Boron Nitride Film Sliding Against Diamond

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Watanabe ◽  
Shojiro Miyake ◽  
Masao Murakawa
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Nitride Film ◽  
Cathode Plasma ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Diamond Indenter ◽  
Plating Method

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) film was deposited onto a silicon substrate by means of a magnetically enhanced plasma ion plating method utilizing a hot cathode plasma discharge in parallel magnetic field. In this study, the friction and wear behaviors of the c-BN film, particularly when it came into sliding contact with diamond, were investigated using a reciprocating tribometer in an applied normal load range of 0.1 ~ 4.9 N. The results showed that the friction coefficient of the c-BN film sliding against the diamond indenter tended to decrease as the load increased, and was very low, exhibiting values of 0.03 ~ 0.065 at the maximum load of 4.9 N. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the friction coefficient of annealed c-BN film was lower than that of as-deposited c-BN film throughout the whole load range. Judging from the results of comparable investigations in which c-BN film came into contact with other materials such as c-BN compact, SiC and stainless steel, the wear performance and peeling resistance of the c-BN film proved to be significantly better in the case of contact with diamond.

scholarly journals Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 820-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Podgaynyy ◽  
Sabine Wezisla ◽  
Christoph Molls ◽  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Helmut Baltruschat
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Lattice Distance ◽  
Electrochemical Double Layer ◽  
Multiple Slips ◽  
Cu Ions ◽  
Increasing Load

Several transitions in the friction coefficient with increasing load are found on Au(111) in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing Cu ions when a monolayer (or submonolayer) of Cu is adsorbed. At the corresponding normal loads, a transition to double or multiple slips in stick–slip friction is observed. The stick length in this case corresponds to multiples of the lattice distance of the adsorbed sulfate, which is adsorbed in a √3 × √7 superstructure on the copper monolayer. Stick–slip behaviour for the copper monolayer as well as for 2/3 coverage can be observed at F N ≥ 15 nN. At this normal load, a change from a small to a large friction coefficient occurs. This leads to the interpretation that the tip penetrates the electrochemical double layer at this point. At the potential (or point) of zero charge (pzc), stick–slip resolution persists at all normal forces investigated.

Determination of friction coefficient on ZrN and TiN using lateral force microscopy (LFM)

Wear ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 261 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1232-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Arias ◽  
Diana M. Marulanda ◽  
Alejandra M. Baena ◽  
Alfonso Devia
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Lateral Force Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy

Improved hardness and wear properties of B-ion implanted polycarbonate

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Lee ◽  
Gopal R. Rao ◽  
L.K. Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Ion Energy ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Wear Mode ◽  
Polymer Wear ◽  
Steel Balls

Polycarbonate (Lexan) was implanted with 100 and 200 keV B+ ions to doses of 0.26, 0.78, and 2.6 × 1015 ions/cm2 at room temperature (<100 °C). Mechanical characterization of implanted materials was carried out by nanoindentation and sliding wear tests. The results showed that the hardness of implanted polycarbonate increased with increasing ion energy and dose, attaining hardness up to 3.2 GPa at a dose of 2.6 × 1015 ions/cm2 for 200 keV ions, which is more than 10 times that of the unimplanted polymer. Wear properties were characterized using a reciprocating tribometer with nylon, brass, and SAE 52100 Cr-steel balls with 0.5 and 1 N normal forces for 10000 cycles. The wear mode varied widely as a function of ion energy, dose, wear ball type, and normal load. For given ion energy, load, and ball type conditions, there was an optimum dose that produced the greatest wear resistance and lowest friction coefficient. For polycarbonate implanted with 0.78 × 1015 ions/cm2, the nylon ball produced no wear after 10000 cycles. Moreover, the overall friction coefficient was reduced by over 40% by implantation. The results suggest that the potential of ion-beam technology for improving polycarbonate is significant, and that surface-sensitive mechanical properties can be tailored to meet the requirements for applications demanding hardness, wear, and abrasion resistance.

Mechanical Characterization Of Ultra-Thin, Hard-Disk Overcoats Using Scratch Testing And Depth-Sensing Indentation

1997 ◽  
Vol 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hay ◽  
R. L. White ◽  
B. N. Lucas ◽  
W. C. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Depth Sensing ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Residual Damage ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Scratch Tests

ABSTRACTTwo series of five diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings were sputtered under nominally identical conditions, but to different film thicknesses of 20 nm and 105 nm. First, the hardness of each sample was determined by depth-sensing indentation. Hardness measurements were substrate-affected to some extent for all samples but especially so for the 20 nm coatings. Two types of scratch tests were performed in an attempt to isolate and characterize the top coatings. The first was a wear test, which consisted of moving the sample back and forth repeatedly under a small constant load. The residual damage was inconsistent, but appeared to be a function of the composite, or substrate-affected hardness. The second test was a single-pass scratch in which the normal load was ramped linearly. For all samples, the friction coefficient was approximately constant as a function of load. Furthermore, samples with the same top coats yielded similar friction coefficients, regardless of the coating thicknesses. Friction coefficient decreased with hydrogen content and to some extent, increased with hardness, as measured on the 105 nm samples. The friction coefficient measured during a ramp-load scratch offers an alternative for characterizing ultra-thin films, when indentation alone yields measurements that are significantly affected by the substrate.

Effect of Phases on the Frictional Properties of Electroless Ni-B Nano-Composite Coating

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soupitak Pal ◽  
Vikram Jayaram ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Biswas ◽  
Yancy Riddle
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Lateral Force Microscopy ◽  
Nano Composite ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Frictional Properties ◽  
Nano Composite Coating ◽  
Phase Mixture ◽  
Electroless Ni

As-deposited amorphous (determined through XRD) electroless Ni-B coating upon heat treatment transforms to crystalline phases, Ni3B, Ni2B and Ni whose volume fractions can vary widely. A micro and nano tribological study through ball-on-disk tribometer and lateral force microscopy has been performed to understand the effect of phase mixture (Ni3B +Ni2B) on the frictional properties of this coating. Though scaling of the contact area from micro to nano level strongly influences the friction coefficient, it has also been found that increase in the Ni2B:Ni3B ratio of the crystalline coating reduces the friction coefficient significantly.

Controlling microscopic friction on gold surfaces by electrochemical potential

2012 ◽  
Vol 1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hausen ◽  
Johannes A. Zimmet ◽  
Roland Bennewitz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Friction Force Microscopy ◽  
Gold Surfaces ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Sliding Dynamics

ABSTRACTThe nano-scale friction on crystalline gold surfaces can be systematically varied by changing the oxidation state of the surfaces through an applied electrochemical potential. We present experimental results from high-resolution friction force microscopy, where the atomic structure of the surface is reflected in lateral force maps. While the oxidation of gold surfaces always brings upon a significant increase in friction, the situation is more complex in the potential regime where only sulfate anions are adsorbed. The influence of adsorbed anions on friction depends on electrochemical potential and on normal load, demonstrating that electrochemical processes and sliding dynamics are altered in the confinement of the tip-sample contact.

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