Performance and Compatibility of California Reformulated Gasoline in On-Road, Off-Road, and Non-Vehicle Engines

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-434
Author(s):  
A. R. Bevan ◽  
K. M. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Comprehensive Program ◽  
Personal Watercraft ◽  
Reformulated Gasoline ◽  
Marine Vessels ◽  
Fleet Operations

As part of its comprehensive program to reduce air pollution, California has mandated the use of a cleaner burning reformulated gasoline introduced in March 1996. In 1995 the Air Resources Board, with oversight from an industry, public interest, and governmental advisory committee, undertook an extensive study of the performance and compatibility characteristics of California reformulated gasoline in on-road, off-road, and non-vehicle engines. The evaluation included in-use comparison of California reformulated gasoline to conventional gasoline in normal fleet operations. Fleets totaling 829 test and 637 control vehicles were studied. Additionally, off-road and non-vehicle in-use testing was conducted covering engine technologies in the following uses: utility, lawn and garden applications; pleasure craft and small marine vessels; agricultural and industrial engines; and recreational snowmobiles and personal watercraft. California reformulated gasoline was found to perform as well as conventional gasoline in terms of driveability, starting, idling, acceleration, power, and safety.

The Zhenhua Case: the emergence of civil environmental public interest litigation in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Wenjun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Public Interest Litigation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Restoration Cost

Abstract In 2015, the All-China Environment Federation v Dezhou Jinghua Group Zhenhua Corporation Limited case was the first civil environmental public interest litigation (CEPIL) against air pollution in China. Constituting a milestone in the field of air pollution control in China, this case (i) confirms the eligibility of a non-governmental organisation (NGO) to file civil public interest litigations; (ii) discusses remedies for the ecological destruction caused by air pollution; (iii) assesses the ecological and environmental damage using the ‘virtual restoration cost’ method; and (iv) uses public apology as an innovative way for Zhenhua to assume liability. By applying and interpreting several important rules under the Environmental Protection Law of China (EPLC) for the first time, this case sets an example for future CEPILs against air pollution in China.

The Impact of Severe Air Pollution in January 2013 in Beijing on Sustained Elevation of Public Environmental Concern

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Schwabe
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Media Reporting ◽  
Timeline Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Harmful and sudden events trigger intense media coverage which in turn can elevate public interest in a problem within an instant. A period of heavy air pollution in Beijing in January 2013 may have been such a case. This sudden and intense period of air pollution featured historically high levels of fine particulate concentrations and was assumed by observers to be a trigger for shifting public perception and increased pressure for policy adjustment. This study examines whether this period of severe air pollution indeed triggered increased public scrutiny, following which the influential factors behind this development are outlined. In this context, a focus is given to the interplay of air quality, media reporting and public discussion in shaping sustained public interest. Based on a timeline analysis and survey data, it is argued that the combination of historically high air pollution with intense media reporting did lead to higher public attention to the topic.

scholarly journals Air Pollution, Residential Greenness and Metabolic Dysfunction during Early Pregnancy in the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9354
Author(s):  
Amal Rammah ◽  
Kristina W. Whitworth ◽  
Christopher I. Amos ◽  
Marisa Estarlich ◽  
Mònica Guxens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Limited Evidence

Despite extensive study, the role of air pollution in gestational diabetes remains unclear, and there is limited evidence of the beneficial impact of residential greenness on metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy. We used data from mothers in the Spanish INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project from 2003–2008. We obtained spatiotemporally resolved estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures in early pregnancy and estimated residential greenness using satellite-based Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 100, 300 and 500 m buffers surrounding the mother’s residence. We applied logistic regression models to evaluate associations between each of the three exposures of interest and (a) glucose intolerance and (b) abnormal lipid levels. We found limited evidence of associations between increases in PM2.5 and NO2 exposures and the metabolic outcomes. Though not statistically significant, high PM2.5 exposure (≥25 µg/m3) was associated with increased odds of glucose intolerance (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.63) and high cholesterol (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.44). High NO2 exposure (≥39.8 µg/m3) was inversely associated with odds of high triglycerides (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.45, 1.08). Whereas NDVI was not associated with glucose intolerance, odds of high triglycerides were increased, although the results were highly imprecise. Results were unchanged when the air pollutant variables were included in the regression models. Given the equivocal findings in our study, additional investigations are needed to assess effects of air pollution and residential greenness on metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy.

17. Air Quality Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 561-598
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fisher ◽  
Bettina Lange ◽  
Eloise Scotford
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Public Interest Litigation ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Local Levels

This chapter examines legal regimes relating to air quality, considering developments at the international, EU, UK and local levels. International and EU law is particularly important in this regulatory sphere since air pollution is a transboundary issue. There is also increasing public concern about air quality, which is reflected in high profile public interest litigation being brought against the UK government to ensure lawful levels of air quality are being met, or at least properly planned for. There are also implementation and coordination problems that make compliance with air quality law a considerable challenge. Regulating air quality ultimately requires coordinating the actions and efforts of actors in many industries, sectors, and geographical areas. At present, not all of those actors are within the scope of UK air quality law.

On the environmental civil public interest litigation system for the protection of the climate in China: Comments on two cases from a pragmatism perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengliang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Public Interest Litigation

Abstract This article examines and analyses the environmental civil public interest litigation system in the protection of climate change in China through two cases, the All-China Environment Protection Federation v Zhenhua Co, Ltd for air pollution and Friends of Nature v State Grid Gansu Electric Power Corporation for full-purchase of all on-grid power produced by renewable energy.

scholarly journals Some Peculiarities of Settlement of Neighbor Conflicts Related to Activities of Legal Entities

JURIST ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Yulia D. Syubaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Problematic Situations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal Entities

Due to the development of industrial property, the emergence of new enterprises, a large number of legal entities engaged in business activities, there is an acute problem of proper legal protection of the interests of persons exposed to negative influence from these subjects. The lack of uniformity of judicial practice in this area indicates a lack of legislative elaboration of relations between neighbors, which or one of which is a legal entity engaged in negative activities associated, as a rule, with air pollution, noise, light, energy and other effects. When resolving such disputes, the courts take into account many factors, including: the presence or absence of public interest in the activities of the enterprise, the severity of the impact, etc. However, these grounds may be applied and interpreted by the courts in different ways. This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the most problematic situations.

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