An Experimental Study on Mechanics of Wax Removal in Pipeline

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Cem Sarica ◽  
Tom X. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Wax Deposits ◽  
Wax Removal

Pigging has been recognized as the most cost-effective method for preventing flow restriction by wax deposits in subsea flowlines. However, the pigging mechanics for wax removal in pipelines is still very poorly understood. A unique test facility was designed and constructed for experimental studies on the mechanics of wax removal in pipelines. The test facility consisted of a test section, a support structure, an apparatus to pull the pig through the test pipe, and a computer-based data acquisition system. The test section was 6.4m(21ft) long and was made from 0.0762m(3in.) inner diameter schedule-40 steel pipe. The mixture of commercial wax and mineral oil was cast inside the test section at different wax thickness and oil contents. A series of experiments was performed to investigate the wax removal mechanics with three different types of conventional pigs, i.e., cup, disc, and foam pigs. The experiments showed that a typical wax removal process using a pig followed four distinct phases, namely, wax breaking, plug formation, accumulation, and production phases. Wax accumulation can be very significant and is expected to be the dominating factor for the force required for moving a pig in long pipelines. As wax thickness and hardness increases, the required force to move the pig increases. The shape and material of the pig have a profound effect on the wax removal performance. While the disc pig provides the most efficient wax removal, the force requirement is excessive, especially for thicker and harder wax deposits. The wax removal performance of a cup pig is very similar to that of a disc pig. However, the cup pig can withstand higher load without mechanical damages than the disc pig. The foam pig offers the poorest wax removal performance.

An Experimental Study on Wax Removal in Pipes With Oil Flow

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Cem Sarica ◽  
Michael Volk
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Breaking Force ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Wax Deposits ◽  
Wax Removal

Pigging is recognized as one of the most used techniques for removing wax deposits in pipelines. In an earlier paper, the mechanics of the wax removal was studied using an experimental setup under dry conditions, i.e., no oil presence. In this study, the pigging experiments are conducted for both regular disc and by-pass disc pigs under flowing conditions. A new test facility was designed and constructed. The test section is 6.1 m (20-ft) long Schedule 40 steel pipe with an inner diameter of 0.0762 m (3-in.). A mixture of a commercial wax and a mineral oil is cast inside the spool pieces for different wax thicknesses and wax oil contents. The wax breaking and plug transportation forces are investigated separately. The results indicated that the wax breaking force increases as wax thickness increases, and the wax plug transportation force gradient is independent of the wax plug length. In comparison to previous test results, presence of oil reduced the wax plug transportation force. Experimental results also showed that the wax transport behavior of the by-pass pig is significantly different than that of the regular pig. The by-pass pig allows the oil to flow through the by-pass holes and mobilizes the removed wax in front of the pig resulting in no discernible wax accumulation in front of the pig. Therefore, no measurable transportation force was observed for the by-pass pig tests.

scholarly journals The original way to get lime

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
N.A. Klimenko ◽  
A.I. Feldman ◽  
Yu.A. Feldman ◽  
A.A. Bobukh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Annular Gap ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Metallurgical Lime ◽  
The Cost

Purpose. Development of a cost-effective method for the production of branded metallurgical lime. Metodology. Analysis of technical solutions known in engineering in the field of lime production technology, as well as a generalization of the experimental studies obtained. Findings. An efficient method for the production of metallurgical lime with a low consumption ratio with low energy consumption and reduction of harmful emissions has been developed and introduced into production. Practical value. Developed and implemented in the production method of lime can be implemented in the foundry industry and will reduce the cost of products, reduce harmful emissions, especially in the conditions of micro-metallurgical production Key words: energy consumption, harmful emissions, vertical annular gap, lined shells, electric heaters, counter thermal flows, expenditure ratio, branded metallurgical lime.

An Experimental Study on Wax Removal in Pipes With Oil Flow

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Cem Sarica ◽  
Michael Volk
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Breaking Force ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Wax Deposits ◽  
Wax Removal

Pigging is recognized as one of the most used techniques for removing wax deposits in pipelines. In an earlier paper, the mechanics of wax removal was studied using an experimental setup under dry conditions, i.e., no oil presence. In this study, the pigging experiments are conducted for both regular disk and by-pass disk pigs under flowing conditions. A new test facility was designed and constructed. The test section is 6.1 m (20 ft) long schedule 40 steel pipe with an inner diameter of 0.0762 m (3 in.). A mixture of commercial wax and mineral oil is cast inside the spool pieces for different wax thicknesses and oil contents. The wax breaking and plug transportation forces are investigated separately. The results indicated that the wax breaking force increases as wax thickness increases, and the wax plug transportation force gradient is independent of the wax plug length. In comparison to previous test results, the presence of oil reduced the wax plug transportation force. Experimental results also showed that the wax transport behavior of the by-pass pig is significantly different than that of the regular pig. The by-pass pig allows the oil to flow through the by-pass holes and mobilizes the removed wax in front of the pig resulting in no discernible wax accumulation in front of the pig. Therefore, no measurable transportation force was observed for the by-pass pig tests.

Experimental Study on Wax Removal With Real Wax Deposits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Qiyu Huang ◽  
Xue Dong ◽  
Xuedong Gao ◽  
Lei Hou
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Gravity Settling ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Force Profile ◽  
Wax Content ◽  
Wax Deposits ◽  
Wax Removal

Pipeline pigging is one of the most widely used wax remediation techniques in field practice. However, it still depends heavily on “rule-of-thumb” due to the limited understanding of wax deposit properties and wax removal mechanisms. By far, laboratory studies on pipeline pigging generally suffer a gross defect in test materials, i.e., the big discrepancy between the experimental wax samples and real wax deposits. To this end, this paper aims to explore the wax removal in pigging with naturally deposited wax, using a self-designed experimental facility. Wax deposit mass and wax content, two decisive indexes affecting wax removal, were also investigated. The experimental apparatus consists of two parts: a flow loop equipped with a detachable test section to achieve real wax deposits and a wax removal apparatus to perform pigging operations. The test section can be conveniently detached from the flow loop and/or mounted onto the wax removal apparatus for a quick conversion between wax deposition and pigging operation. The results indicate that a higher bulk flow temperature decreases the wax deposit mass and increases the wax content of deposit. Additionally, the distributions of wax content and wax layer thickness suggest that gravity settling plays no role in wax deposition. Moreover, the wax resistive force profile of naturally deposited wax presents four distinct stages, i.e., the build-up phase, the pre-plug phase, the plug phase and the production phase. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on wax removal with real wax deposits. It paves the way for the application of previous artificial-wax-based researches to real wax deposit scenarios.

Iterative Design Process for Novel LCAC Composite Shaft

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Schoenholtz ◽  
Darcy Hornberger
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Failure Investigation ◽  
Composite Shaft ◽  
Weight Part ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Carbon Composite Materials ◽  
Air Cushion ◽  
Computer Based

KaZaK Composites, a Plasan Company has designed, fabricated, and demonstrated a novel composite S1/S2 lift fan shaft assembly for the Navy’s Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) vehicle. The shaft is a drop-in replacement for the legacy steel shaft assembly and provides the same performance with less than half the weight. A unique integral coupling design allows for angular misalignment and axial deflection while reducing weight, part count, and assembly time over legacy metal flex packs. Use of advanced carbon composite materials greatly reduces corrosion and its associated maintenance costs. The design is readily adaptable and scalable. The focus of this paper is the iterative process of computer based analytical design, prototype manufacture, prototype testing, and failure investigation KaZaK developed to optimize the shaft structure and reduce fabrication costs. The resulting process is a robust, cost-effective method for developing follow-on shaft designs. Utilizing this process, KaZaK’s S1/S2 composite shaft prototype successfully completed an application based, pre-qualification test program that included over-speed testing, static torque proof loading, and fatigue testing in a laboratory environment.

scholarly journals Fostering Intrinsic Motivational Orientation: A Cost-Effective Method for Encouraging Audit Staff to Speak Up

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. P9-P18
Author(s):  
Robert P. Mocadlo ◽  
Jay S. Rich ◽  
Madeline Trimble ◽  
Yuepin (Daniel) Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Speaking Up ◽  
Intrinsic Goals ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Practical Implications

SUMMARY This article summarizes and outlines practical implications from the findings of “It Goes Without Saying: The Effects of Intrinsic Motivational Orientation, Leadership Emphasis of Intrinsic Goals, and Audit Issue Ambiguity on Speaking Up” (Kadous, Proell, Rich, and Zhou 2019). Through a series of experiments and surveys, the initial paper tests the effect that leadership focus on intrinsic motivation of auditors can have on their willingness to “speak up” with audit issues. Furthermore, they introduce the effects that ambiguity and source of motivation have on their initial findings. We expand this original work by summarizing the empirical findings and elaborating on the practical implications for auditors, managers, academics, and regulators. Applying these findings in practice could be a cost effective and efficient way to operationalize PCAOB AS 1201 and improve audit quality.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

Monitoring effluent quality in hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs using remote sensing

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dor ◽  
N. Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Wastewater Quality

About one hundred and fifty wastewater reservoirs store effluents for irrigation in Israel. Effluent qualities differ according to the inflowing wastewater quality, the degree of pretreatment and the operational parameters. Certain aspects of water quality like concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and chlorophyll are significantly correlated with the water column transparency and colour. Accordingly optical images of the reservoirs obtained from the SPOT satellite demonstrate pronounced differences correlated with the water quality. The analysis of satellite multispectral images is based on a theoretical model. The model calculates, using the radiation transfer equation, the volume reflectance of the water body. Satellite images of 99 reservoirs were analyzed in the chromacity space in order to classify them according to water quality. Principal Component Analysis backed by the theoretical model increases the method sensitivity. Further elaboration of this approach will lead to the establishment of a time and cost effective method for the routine monitoring of these hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs.

A Cost-Effective Method to Prepare Pure Vildagliptin

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Peng ◽  
Yue Feng ◽  
Zhu Tao ◽  
Yingjie Chen ◽  
Xiangnan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effective Method
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