Optimal SOFC Size Design for Minimal Cost of Electricity Achievement

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Bove ◽  
Nigel M. Sammes
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
System Level ◽  
Configuration Design ◽  
Minimal Cost ◽  
System Configuration ◽  
Fuel Processing ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Goal And Scope

SOFC numerical simulations and experiments are a low cost method in achieving adequate performance to penetrate the market. Most of the efforts are at the present focused on components, single cells and stack performances and reliability improvements, while, at the same time, a lot of work is needed for optimal system configuration design. Simulation and experimental results conducted on a system level must provide a goal and scope of the single components system research, including fuel processing, fuel cells and all the balance of plant (BoP) components. In the present work a preliminary numerical simulation of a SOFC system is conducted, in order to establish the optimal stack size for minimal cost of electricity (CoE) achievements.

Green Communication Infrastructure (GCI) Serving Different Smart City Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qutaiba I. Ali ◽  
Issam Jafar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
System Level ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Application Fields

Aims: The aim of the Green Communication Infrastructure ‎‎(GCI) project is to understand the idea of a self ‎‎"sustainably" controlled correspondence foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. ‎ Background: This paper shows the endeavors to understand the idea of a ‎self "sustainably" energized communication foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. The recommended ‎Green Communication Infrastructure (CGI) comprises ‎different kinds of remote settled (or even versatile) hubs ‎performing diverse activities as per the application ‎requests. An imperative class of these hubs is the Wireless ‎Solar Router (WSR). Objective: The work in this venture was begun in 2009 with the aim ‎of demonstrating the essential advances that must be taken to ‎accomplish such framework and to proclaim the value of ‎embracing natural vitality assets in building mission ‎basic frameworks. Alternate destinations of this venture ‎are introducing a sensibly cost, solid, verified, and simple ‎to introduce correspondence foundation.‎ Method: The arrangement to actualize the GCI was accomplished ‎subsequent to passing two structure levels: device level and ‎system level. Result: The suggested system is highly applicable and serves a wide ‎range of smart city application fields and hence many ‎people and organizations can utilize this system. ‎ Conclusion: The presence of a reliable, secured, low cost, easy to install ‎and self-powered communication infrastructure is ‎mandatory in our nowadays. The communities in ‎developing countries or in rural areas need such a system ‎highly in order to communicate with other people in the ‎world which will affect positively their social and ‎economic situation.

Teaching Classical Control System Course With Portable Student-Owned Mechatronic Kits

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniko T. Enikov ◽  
Estelle Eke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
System Level ◽  
Linear Feedback ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Phase Lead ◽  
Controls Systems

Teaching classical controls systems design to mechanical engineering students presents unique challenges. While most mechanical engineering programs prepare students to be well-versed in the application of physical principles and modeling aspects of physical systems, implementation of closed loop control and system-level analysis is lagging. It is not uncommon that students report difficulty in conceptualizing even common controls systems terms such as steady-state error and disturbance rejection. Typically, most courses focus on the theoretical analysis and modeling, but students are left asking the questions…How do I implement a phase-lead compensator? …What is a non-minimum phase system? This paper presents an innovative approach in teaching control systems design course based on the use of a low-cost apparatus that has the ability to directly communicate with MATLAB and its Simulink toolbox, allowing students to drag-and-drop controllers and immediately test their effect on the response of the physical plant. The setup consists of a DC micro-motor driving a propeller attached to a carbon-fiber rod. The angular displacement of the rod is measured with an analog potentiometer, which acts as the pivot point for the carbon fiber rod. The miniature circuit board is powered by the USB port of a laptop and communicates to the host computer using the a virtual COM port. MATLAB/Simulink communicates to the board using its serial port read/write blocks to command the motor and detect the deflection angle. This presentation describes a typical semester-long experimental protocol facilitated by the low-cost kit. The kit allows demonstration of classical PID, phase lead and lag controllers, as well as non-linear feedback linearization techniques. Comparison between student gains before and after the introduction of the mechatronic kits are also provided.

Advanced SiP Packaging Technologies of IPD for Mobile Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Geun Sik Kim ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Flynn Carson ◽  
Seung Wook Yoon ◽  
Meenakshi Padmanathan
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design And Technology ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Future Technology ◽  
Rf Transceivers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
3D Stacking

IPD technology was originally developed as a way to replace bulky discrete passive components, but it¡¯s now gaining popularity in ESD/EMI protection applications, as well as in RF, high-brightness LED silicon sub-mounts, and digital and mixed-signal devices. Already well known as a key enabler of system-in-packages (SiPs), IPDs enable the assembly of increasingly complete and autonomous systems with the integration of diverse electronic functions such as sensors, RF transceivers, MEMS, power amplifiers, power management units, and digital processors. The application area for IPD will continue to evolve, especially as new packaging technology, such as flipchip, 3D stacking, wafer level packaging become available to provide vertical interconnections within the IPD. New applications like silicon interposers will become increasingly significant to the market. Currently the IPD market is being driven primarily by RF or wireless packages and applications including, but not limited to, cell phones, WiFi, GPS, WiMAX, and WiBro. In particular, applications and products in the emerging RF CMOS market that require a low cost, smaller size, and high performance are driving demand. In order to get right products in size and performance, packaging design and technology should be considered in device integration and implemented together in IPD designs. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of electrical and mechanical properties in component and system level design is important. This paper will highlight some of the recent advancements in SiP technology for IPD and integration as well as what is developed to address future technology requirements in IPD SiP solutions. The advantage and applications of SiP solution for IPD will be presented with several examples of IPD products. The design, assembly and packaging challenges and performance characteristics will be also discussed.

Assembly System Configuration Design for Reconfigurability Under Uncertain Production Evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqian Jiang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Maxim A. Dulebenets ◽  
Junayed Pasha
Keyword(s):  
System Throughput ◽  
Assembly System ◽  
Configuration Design ◽  
System Configuration ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Design Evolution ◽  
Product Evolution ◽  
Concurrent Optimization ◽  
The Impact

Assembly system configuration determines the topological arrangement of stations with defined logical material flow among them. The design of assembly system configuration involves (1) subassembly planning that defines subassembly tasks and between-task material flows and (2) workload balancing that determines the task-station assignments. The assembly system configuration should be flexibly changed and updated to cope with product design evolution and updating. However, the uncertainty in future product evolution poses significant challenges to the assembly system configuration design since the higher cost can be incurred if the assembly line suitable for future products is very different from that for the current products. The major challenges include (1) the estimation of reconfiguration cost, (2) unavailability of probability values for possible scenarios of product evolution, and (3) consideration of the impact of the subassembly planning on the task-station assignments. To address these challenges, this paper formulates a concurrent optimization problem to design the assembly system configuration by jointly determining the subassembly planning and task-station assignments considering uncertain product evolution. A new assembly hierarchy similarity model is proposed to estimate the reconfiguration effort by comparing the commonalities among different subassembly plans of current and potential future product designs. The assembly system configuration is chosen by maximizing both assembly hierarchy similarity and assembly system throughput under the worst-case scenario. A case study motivated by real-world scenarios demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method including scenario analysis.

Flexible, Monolithically Integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Modules

2005 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Herrmann ◽  
Friedrich Kessler ◽  
Ulf Klemm ◽  
Robert Kniese ◽  
Theresa Magorian Friedlmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Flexible Substrates ◽  
Metal Foil ◽  
Monolithically Integrated ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Roll To Roll

AbstractCIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) thin-film solar modules on glass substrates are currently on the verge of commercialization. Entirely new application areas could be accessed with CIGS modules fabricated on thin and flexible non-glass substrates. Additionally, the roll-to-roll manufacturing of such flexible CIGS modules promises to be a low-cost production method. Different external Na supply methods and a vacuum-deposited buffer were investigated in this contribution, a sample of the challenges we face when modifying the standard, industrial CIGS module production process to the particular requirements of flexible substrates. Both metal foil substrates and polymer films are considered. Our excellent best results of above 14 % for single cells on titanium, more than 11% on polyimide, and around 7 % for modules on both substrates indicate our progress in developing flexible CIGS.

LED Street Lamp Module Configuration Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3012-3015
Author(s):  
Yong Ping Zhang ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Yun Cui Zhang ◽  
Guang Ye Wang ◽  
De Sheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Configuration Design ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Dissipation Structure ◽  
Street Lamp ◽  
Modular Method

The configuration of LED street lamp is important for its high security and low cost requirements. The modular method is introduced to design LED street lamp with independent light source and heat dissipation structure. In the single module heat pipe technology radiator is used to improve the LED street lamp of the cooling efficiency. For the 60W LED module, the optical lens are designed with the angles of 60 ° and 30 ° respectively and the average temperature is 329 K on each observation sides of the module.

Template-Free Fabrication of Aligned Nanoarray for Quantifying the Nanosurface-Single Cells Interaction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biran Wang ◽  
Liming Wang ◽  
Shiren Wang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Nanowire Arrays ◽  
Template Free ◽  
Sense And Respond ◽  
Single Living Cells ◽  
Single Living

In this paper, we for the first-time synthesized vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowire arrays on flat-end AFM tips via template-free solution methods. 4-Aminothiophenol was used for tailoring the nucleation size, chain propagation and orientation of the PANI nanowires. The microscopy characterization indicated that diameter was centered at a mean of 33.7 nm with a standard deviation of 6.5 nm, and length was centered at a mean of 50.3 nm with a standard deviation of 7.6 nm. PANI nanowire arrays are non-toxic, low-cost, and tunable, and thus PANI nanowire-grown tips could perfectly simulate different nanosurfaces. Via the force spectroscopy, we demonstrate the feasibility in quantifying the nanostructure-cell interactions at the single cell level in real time with high reliability and accuracy. This work will enable a new tool in precisely quantifying the interactions of single living cells and nanosurface, and thus opens a new door to understand how single living cells sense and respond to the specific nanostructures.

Micro (Cost) Technologies for Spacecraft Control and Command: An Example, Balloon-Borne Stabilised Gondolas

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre´ Laurens
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
System Level ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Open Standard ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Flexible Architectures

Balloons are long-time known space vehicles for science missions and technology in-flight experiments, with instruments that need out-of-atmosphere or in-situ measurements, thus being complementary to the satellite. They carry micro (few hundred grams) to mega (few tons) payloads, but all of them require micro cost, short development, multiple flights. Among the big ones, CNES stabilised gondolas are versatile space platforms used to fly science instruments mainly coming for aeronomy and astrophysics communities, and requiring stabilisation and pointing capabilities, analogous to satellite attitude control subsystems. For them, cost and development constraints cannot be met without highly flexible architectures and off-the-shelf components. In order to increase gondola flexibility to new missions (or adaptability to mission evolutions), new hardware and software solution have been studied for control & command, including stabilisation and pointing functions. Promoted technologies are those of industrial computers, ground networks, free software and, over all, Ada language, for they are open, standard, powerful, low-cost and long-lasting solutions. After a brief description of domain-oriented characteristics of the stabilised gondola control & command, this paper introduces the various technologies and main design principles proposed to meet system-level goals. Then focus is put on on-board architectures: full Ada95 real-time distributed applications on an Ethernet-IP LAN of industrial PCs running Linux, and describes the prototyping work and preliminary development done to ensure feasibility. The paper then discusses the applicability of such solutions to global, ground-to-board, distributed control & command applications, through an IP-based telemetry & telecommand link, such as the one under development in CNES for balloon systems. As a conclusion, this paper shows how adoption of these technologies for other space programs such as satellite platforms and payloads may change design, development costs, duration and organisation, as well as it may open new ways in ground-to-board communication and spacecraft operation.

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