Dynamics of a Class of Parallel Wrists

2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Di Gregorio ◽  
Vincenzo Parenti-Castelli

This paper presents a dynamic model of parallel wrists with all links constrained to have a spherical motion with the same center. The model can also be applied to serial wrists. The model, based on Lagrangian formulation of dynamics, exploits the feature that all the links have the same fixed point. Three parameters defining the platform orientation are used as generalized coordinates. This choice allows the use of the generalized inertia matrix (GIM) appearing in the model to calculate effective dynamic performance indices proposed in a previous paper. The model can solve both the direct and the inverse dynamic problems. It also contains the Jacobian matrix useful to characterize the kinematic behavior of parallel manipulators. By the model it is shown that the best performances are reached in the workspace regions where the manipulator has a good kinematic and dynamic isotropy, whereas the incidence of nonlinear forces on performances is relevant at high end-effector speed. A numerical example is provided.

Author(s):  
Richard Stamper ◽  
Lung-Wen Tsai

Abstract The dynamics of a parallel manipulator with three translational degrees of freedom are considered. Two models are developed to characterize the dynamics of the manipulator. The first is a traditional Lagrangian based model, and is presented to provide a basis of comparison for the second approach. The second model is based on a simplified Newton-Euler formulation. This method takes advantage of the kinematic structure of this type of parallel manipulator that allows the actuators to be mounted directly on the base. Accordingly, the dynamics of the manipulator is dominated by the mass of the moving platform, end-effector, and payload rather than the mass of the actuators. This paper suggests a new method to approach the dynamics of parallel manipulators that takes advantage of this characteristic. Using this method the forces that define the motion of moving platform are mapped to the actuators using the Jacobian matrix, allowing a simplified Newton-Euler approach to be applied. This second method offers the advantage of characterizing the dynamics of the manipulator nearly as well as the Lagrangian approach while being less computationally intensive. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the close agreement between the two models.


Author(s):  
Clément M. Gosselin ◽  
Jaouad Sefrioui

Abstract In this paper, an algorithm for the determination of the singularity loci of spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators with prismatic atuators is presented. These singularity loci, which are obtained as curves or surfaces in the Cartesian space, are of great interest in the context of kinematic design. Indeed, it has been shown elsewhere that parallel manipulators lead to a special type of singularity which is located inside the Cartesian workspace and for which the end-effector becomes uncontrollable. It is therfore important to be able to identify the configurations associated with theses singularities. The algorithm presented is based on analytical expressions of the determinant of a Jacobian matrix, a quantity that is known to vanish in the singular configurations. A general spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator with prismatic actuators is first studied. Then, several particular designs are investigated. For each case, an analytical expression of the singularity locus is derived. A graphical representation in the Cartesian space is then obtained.


Robotica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Di Gregorio

In the literature, 3-RRPRR architectures were proposed to obtain pure translation manipulators. Moreover, the geometric conditions, which 3-RRPRR architectures must match, in order to make the end-effector (platform) perform infinitesimal (elementary) spherical motion were enunciated. The ability to perform elementary spherical motion is a necessary but not sufficient condition to conclude that the platform is bound to accomplish finite spherical motion, i.e. that the mechanism is a spherical parallel manipulator (parallel wrist). This paper demonstrates that the 3-RRPRR architectures matching the geometric conditions for elementary spherical motion make the platform accomplish finite spherical motion, i.e. they are parallel wrists (3-RRPRR wrist), provided that some singular configurations, named translation singularities, are not reached. Moreover, it shows that 3-RRPRR wrists belong to a family of parallel wrists which share the same analytic expression of the constraints which the legs impose on the platform. Finally, the condition that identifies all the translation singularities of the mechanisms of this family is found and geometrically interpreted. The result of this analysis is that the translation singularity locus can be represented by a surface (singularity surface) in the configuration space of the mechanism. Singularity surfaces drawn by exploiting the given condition are useful tools in designing these wrists.


Author(s):  
Liping Wang ◽  
Binbin Zhang ◽  
Jun Wu

This paper presents an optimum design of a 4-PSS-PU redundant parallel manipulator by taking the workspace, conditioning performance, and acceleration into account. On the basis of rank of the Jacobian matrix, a method to directly find out the workspace is presented, rather than the search method. Based on the dynamic model, a maximum acceleration index is defined. The corresponding atlases of these performance indices are represented graphically in the established design space. Based on these atlases, the optimum design is performed and the optimum region is determined. It is expected to realize the high acceleration of parallel manipulators by using the optimum method.


Author(s):  
Amin Kamalzadeh ◽  
Leila Notash

Wire-actuated robot manipulators are generally lighter than other manipulators as actuated wires are used instead of joint actuators. The inverse dynamic modeling of these manipulators is complicated by the existence of multiple kinematic constraints as well as redundancy in actuation. In wire-actuated parallel manipulators with a constraining linkage and in tendon-driven serial manipulators, wires are used to control the joints. In these manipulators, each wire can provide a torque/force on a link about/along its revolute/prismatic passive joint in one direction, as wires only act in tension. Using one wire for each link sometimes does not fully constrain the motion of the link about/along its passive joint. Therefore, a second wire is attached to some links in a “counterbalance” configuration; i.e., the second wire can provide a “complementary” torque/force in the opposite direction of the torque/force produced by the first wire on the link about/along its passive joint. Depending on the end effector trajectory and external force at each instant, one of the mentioned two wires provides the desired direction of torque/force and the other, “counteracting wire,” imposes a “counteracting” torque/force on the link about/along its passive joint. Using more actuators than degrees of freedom (DOF) in the manipulator causes redundancy in actuation, which means that for a unique end effector trajectory and external force, inverse dynamic results (actuator torques/forces) have infinite solutions within a null space of actuator torques/forces. Obtaining a unique result within the null space requires several considerations, such as avoiding negative tensions in wires and decreasing the actuator torques/forces. The purpose of this article is to find a methodology to limit the infinite inverse dynamic solutions to one while the negative wire tensions are avoided and actuator torques/forces are relatively decreased. As explained in this article, by reducing the counteracting wire tensions, other actuator torques/forces are decreased, because a portion of other actuator torques/forces neutralizes the tensions of counteracting wires. A methodology is developed to detect the counteracting wires in real-time and to present the corresponding tensions to a low positive value; i.e., the counteracting wires are “deactivated.” The proposed methodology can be implemented in the inverse dynamic modeling of wire-actuated parallel manipulators with a constraining linkage and tendon-driven serial manipulators via using the Lagrangian method. This methodology can be used to provide optimum actuator torques/forces and avoid negative tensions in actuated wires. The methodology is implemented in the inverse dynamic modeling of a 4-DOF wire-actuated manipulator where there is one degree of actuation redundancy. In the simulation results, the inverse dynamic model based on the proposed methodology is observed to be quite robust in terms of avoiding negative wire tensions by deactivating the right actuated wire.


2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 2241-2248
Author(s):  
Jian Wei Mi ◽  
Li Du ◽  
Xue Chao Duan

Aiming at online implementation, a real-time algorithm for forward position kinematics of the parallel manipulators is proposed, in which the steepest decent direction of the solution iteration is constructed with Jacobian matrix, with the initial position for iteration arbitrarily chosen from the workspace. Under the condition of motion continuity of the end-effector, the unique forward position kinematics solution can be found out with this algorithm. Forward position kinematics case studies of spatial parallel manipulators were conducted, which show that the algorithm has the advantages of a high precision, little iteration and less millisecond-level time consumption.


Author(s):  
Damiano Zanotto ◽  
Giulio Rosati ◽  
Aldo Rossi

In the last two decades, many research works have been published on cable-based systems, reflecting the considerable interest of the scientific community in this area. Cables are used both in serial structures, to remotely actuate rigid links, and in parallel structures, to directly control the motion of a mobile platform or end-effector. The latter subclass is particularly appealing, thanks to ease of design, high payload-to-weight ratio, potentially high dynamic performances and wide workspace. Such devices have also been effectively employed in haptics, since the use of light-weight elements allows to develop structures with low mechanical impedance. Unilateral actuation represents a major issue in the study of cable-based devices, often forcing to adopt specially formulated design tools. This paper presents a set of performance indices, some of which are introduced here for the first time, that can be used for the optimization of the design and for the analysis of cable-based devices. To prove the effectiveness of these tools, a comparison of the kinematic and dynamic performances of three different designs of planar cable-based parallel manipulators is presented.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziya Özkan ◽  
Ahmet Masum Hava

In three-phase three-wire (3P3W) voltage-source converter (VSC) systems, utilization of filter inductors with deep saturation characteristics is often advantageous due to the improved size, cost, and efficiency. However, with the use of conventional synchronous frame current control (CSCC) methods, the inductor saturation results in significant dynamic performance loss and poor steady-state current waveform quality. This paper proposes an inverse dynamic model based compensation (IDMBC) method to overcome these performance issues. Accordingly, a review of inductor saturation and core materials is performed, and the motivation on the use of saturable inductors is clarified. Then, two-phase exact modelling of the 3P3W VSC control system is obtained and the drawbacks of CSCC have been demonstrated analytically. Based on the exact modelling, the inverse system dynamic model of the nonlinear system is obtained and employed such that the nonlinear plant is converted to a fictitious linear inductor system for linear current regulators to perform satisfactorily.


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