Simulating Distortion and Residual Stresses in Carburized Thin Strips

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Prantil ◽  
M. L. Callabresi ◽  
J. F. Lathrop ◽  
G. S. Ramaswamy ◽  
M. T. Lusk
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Gear Steels ◽  
The Individual

This paper illustrates the application of a new multiphase material model for simulating distortion and residual stresses in carburized and quenched gear steels. Simulation is focused on thin, metallic strips that are heat treated to introduce a through-thickness carbon gradient. Because the material properties are strongly dependent on the carbon content, quenching causes significant transverse out-of-plane distortion. The material model accounts for a multiphase alloy structure where inelasticity in the individual phases is temperature and rate dependent. The model is fit to an extensive matrix of experimental data for low carbon steels (0.2–0.8 percent) whose transformation kinetics and mechanical response are similar to 4023 and 4620 alloys used in experiments. While residual stress data are limited, reasonable agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements was obtained. Comparisons of transverse deflections predicted numerically showed excellent agreement with those measured experimentally for all five thicknesses reported. Accurate transformation and lattice carburization strains are critical to correctly predict the sense and magnitude of these transverse distortions and in-plane residual stresses.

scholarly journals Austenite Reverse Transformation in a Q&P Route of Mn and Ni Added Steels

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Arribas ◽  
Teresa Gutiérrez ◽  
Eider Del Molino ◽  
Artem Arlazarov ◽  
Irene De Diego-Calderón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microstructure Evolution ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Reverse Transformation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Final Microstructure

In this work, four low carbon steels with different contents of Mn and Ni were heat treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) cycles where high partitioning temperatures, in the range of 550 °C–650 °C, were applied. In order to elucidate the effect of applying these high partitioning temperatures with respect to more common Q&P cycles, the materials were also heat treated considering a partitioning temperature of 400 °C. The microstructure evolution during the Q&P cycles was studied by means of dilatometry tests. The microstructural characterization of the treated materials revealed that austenite retention strongly depended on the alloy content and partitioning conditions. It was shown that the occurrence of austenite reverse transformation (ART) in the partitioning stage in some of the alloys and conditions was a very effective mechanism to increase the austenite content in the final microstructure. However, the enhancement of tensile properties achieved by the application of high partitioning temperature cycles was not significant.

Recent Applications of XSA in Heat Treatment and Fatigue of Steels

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
E. Macherauch ◽  
B. Scholtes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lattice Strains ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Computer Controlled

This paper is intended to give an exemplary review of recent investigations performed in the X-ray laboratory of the Institut für Werkstoffkunde I of the Universität Karlsruhe, FRG, concerning particular problems of residual stresses of heat-treated and fatigued steels. The experimental work was mainly performed with computer-controlled Karlsruhe type ψ-diffractometers. If linear distributions of residual lattice strains occurred the sin2ψ-method was applied to determine residual stresses. The experiments were performed with plain carbon steels of 0.22 and 0.45 wt.-% carbon (German grade Ck 22 and Ck 45) and some low alloyed steels.

Study of the Plastic Deformation in Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine Iron and Carbon Steels

2008 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Antonio Benito ◽  
Robert Tejedor ◽  
Rodriguez Rodríguez-Baracaldo ◽  
Jose María Cabrera ◽  
Jose Manuel Prado
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Grain Size Distributions

Samples of nanostructured and ultrafine grained steels with carbon content ranging from 0.05 to 0.55%wt. have been obtained by a warm consolidation process from mechanically milled powders and subsequent heat treatments. In general, homogeneous grain size distributions were obtained except for the low-carbon steel in which a bimodal grain size distribution was observed when it was heat treated at high temperatures. The stress-strain response has been studied by means of compression tests. Nanostructured materials showed high strength but poor results in terms of ductility. In the low-ultrafine range (mean grain size between 100-500 nm) the three materials showed an increase in the ductility with strain softening. Finally, when the average grain size was close to 1 µm samples showed larger ductility and strain hardening.

scholarly journals Heat Treatment Effect on Lath Martensite

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Enikő Réka Fábián ◽  
Áron Kótai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
Martensite Microstructure

Abstract During our investigation lath martensite was produced in low carbon steels by austenitization at 1200 °C/20 min, and the cooling of samples in ice water. The samples were tempered at a range of temperatures. The tempering effects on microstructure and on mechanical proprieties were investigated. Some samples with lath martensite microstructure were cold rolled and heat treated at different temperatures. Recrystallization was observed after heat treatment at 600-700 °C.

Influence of the Number of Tensile/Compression Cycles on the Fitting of a Mixed Hardening Material Model: Roll Levelling Process Case Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 554-557 ◽  
pp. 2375-2387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Silvestre ◽  
Joseba Mendiguren ◽  
Lander Galdos ◽  
Eneko Sáenz de Argandoña
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Roll Forming ◽  
Hardening Material ◽  
Hardening Model ◽  
Mixed Hardening ◽  
Loading Modes

After roll forming processes, metallic coils show several flatness imperfections and residual stresses that must be minimized when high quality components are manufactured by means of sheet metal forming processes. The equipments typically used for this purpose are roll leveling facilities. In the present work, a uniaxial cyclic tension-compression test has been used to determine the mechanical response of steel sheet under the different loading modes. After this, the Chaboche and Lemaitre nonlinear mixed hardening model has been fitted to the material behavior. This hardening model is able to reproduce some phenomena which occur during low cyclic deformation such as Bauschinger effect and workhardening. During the fitting of the model, the number of tension-compression cycles performed in the material characterization and the number of backstresses used for the model definition have been analyzed. Finally the influence of the material model in the roll leveling process results has been numerically analyzed. Different simulations have been performed by introducing initial defects with the objective of predicting residual stresses, residual curvatures, leveling force and torque force at the end of the process.

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