scholarly journals Transient release kinetics of rod bipolar cells revealed by capacitance measurement of exocytosis from axon terminals in rat retinal slices

2010 ◽  
Vol 588 (9) ◽  
pp. 1469-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Oltedal ◽  
Espen Hartveit
Keyword(s):  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Capacitance Measurement ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Slices

Morphological differentiation of bipolar cells in the ferret retina

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1133-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. MILLER ◽  
M.N. TRAN ◽  
G.-K. WONG ◽  
D.M. OAKLEY ◽  
R.O.L. WONG
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells ◽  
Cone Bipolar Cells ◽  
Dye Labeling

Bipolar cells are not only important for visual processing but input from these cells may underlie the reorganization of ganglion cell dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) during development. Because little is known about the development of bipolar cells, here we have used immunocytochemical markers and dye labeling to identify and follow their differentiation in the neonatal ferret retina. Putative cone bipolar cells were immunoreacted for calbindin and recoverin, and rod bipolar cells were immunostained for protein kinase C (PKC). Our results show that calbindin-immunoreactive cone bipolar cells appear at postnatal day 15 (P15), at which time their axonal terminals are already localized to the inner half of the IPL. By contrast, recoverin-immunoreactive cells with terminals in the IPL are present at birth, but many of these cells may be immature photoreceptors. By the second postnatal week, recoverin-positive cells resembling cone bipolar cells were clearly present, and with increasing age, two distinct strata of immunolabeled processes occupied the IPL. PKC-containing rod bipolar cells emerged by the fourth postnatal week and at this age have stratified arbors in the inner IPL. The early bias of bipolar axonal arbors in terminating in the inner or outer half of the IPL is confirmed by dye labeling of cells with somata in the inner nuclear layer. At P10, several days before ribbon synapses have been previously observed in the ferret IPL, the axon terminals of all dye-labeled bipolar cells were clearly stratified. The results suggest that bipolar cells could provide spatially localized interactions that are suitable for guiding dendritic lamination in the inner retina.

scholarly journals Glycine Receptors and Glycinergic Synaptic Input at the Axon Terminals of Mammalian Retinal Rod Bipolar Cells

2003 ◽  
Vol 553 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinjuan Cui ◽  
Yu‐Ping Ma ◽  
Stuart A. Lipton ◽  
Zhuo‐Hua Pan
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Glycine Receptors ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Retinal Rod ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

Differential Expression of High- and Two Types of Low-Voltage–Activated Calcium Currents in Rod and Cone Bipolar Cells of the Rat Retina

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo-Hua Pan
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Calcium Currents ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells ◽  
Cone Bipolar Cells

Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed to investigate voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in acutely isolated retinal bipolar cells of rats. Two groups of morphologically different bipolar cells were observed. Bipolar cells of the first group, which represent the majority of isolated bipolar cells, were immunoreactive to protein kinase C (PKC) and, therefore likely to be rod bipolar cells. Bipolar cells of the second group, which represent only a small population of isolated bipolar cells, did not show PKC immunoreactivity and were likely to be cone bipolar cells. The validity of morphological identification of bipolar cells was further confirmed by the presence of GABAC responses in these cells. Bipolar cells of both groups displayed low-voltage–activated (LVA) Ca2+ currents with similar voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation. However, the activation, inactivation, and deactivation kinetics of the LVA Ca2+ currents between rod and cone bipolar cells differed. Particularly, the LVA Ca2+ currents of rod bipolar cells displayed both transient and sustained components. In contrast, the LVA Ca2+ currents of cone bipolar cells were mainly transient. In addition, the LVA Ca2+ channels of rod bipolar cells were more permeable to Ba2+ than to Ca2+, whereas those of cone bipolar cells were equally or less permeable to Ba2+ than to Ca2+. The LVA Ca2+ currents of both rod and cone bipolar cells were antagonized by high concentrations of nimodipine with IC50of 17 and 23 μM, respectively, but largely resistant to Cd2+ and Ni2+. Bipolar cells of both groups also displayed high-voltage–activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. The HVA Ca2+ currents were, at least in part, to be L-type that were potentiated by BayK-8644 (1 μM) and largely antagonized by low concentrations of nimodipine (5 μM). The L-type Ca2+channels were almost exclusively located at the axon terminals of rod bipolar cells but expressed at least in the cell soma of cone bipolar cells. Results of this study indicate that rod and cone bipolar cells of the mammalian retina differentially express at least two types of LVA Ca2+ channels. Rod and cone bipolar cells also show different spatial distribution of L-type Ca2+channels.

Bipolar input to melanopsin containing ganglion cells in primate retina

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULRIKE GRÜNERT ◽  
PATRICIA R. JUSUF ◽  
SAMMY C.S. LEE ◽  
DUNG THAN NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
Bipolar Type ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

AbstractTwo morphological types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells have been described in primate retina. Both types show intrinsic light responses as well as rod- and cone-driven ON-type responses. Outer stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the inner nuclear layer (OFF sublamina); inner stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the ganglion cell layer (ON sublamina). Both inner and outer stratifying cells receive synaptic input via ribbon synapses, but the bipolar cell types providing this input have not been identified. Here, we addressed the question whether the diffuse (ON) cone bipolar type DB6 and/or rod bipolar cells contact melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells. Melanopsin containing ganglion cells in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) retinas were identified immunohistochemically; DB6 cells were labeled with antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope CD15, rod bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies against protein kinase C, and putative synapses between the two cells types were identified with antibodies against piccolo. For one inner cell, nearly all of the DB6 axon terminals that overlap with its dendrites in the two-dimensional space show areas of close contact. In vertical sections, the large majority of the areas of close contact also contain a synaptic punctum, suggesting that DB6 cells contact inner melanopsin cells. The output from DB6 cells accounts for about 30% of synapses onto inner melanopsin cells. Synaptic contacts between rod bipolar axons and inner dendrites were not observed. In the OFF sublamina, about 10% of the DB6 axons are closely associated with dendrites of outer cells, and in about a third of these areas, axonal en passant synapses are detected. This result suggests that DB6 cells may also provide input to outer melanopsin cells.

Patch-Clamp Investigations and Compartmental Modeling of Rod Bipolar Axon Terminals in an In Vitro Thin-Slice Preparation of the Mammalian Retina

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1171-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Oltedal ◽  
Svein Harald Mørkve ◽  
Margaret Lin Veruki ◽  
Espen Hartveit
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Slice Preparation ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Postsynaptic Currents ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

To extend the usefulness of rod bipolar cells for studies of chemical synaptic transmission, we have performed electrophysiological recordings from rod bipolar axon terminals in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat retina. Whole cell recordings from axon terminals and cell bodies were used to investigate the passive membrane properties of rod bipolar cells and analyzed with a two-compartment equivalent electrical circuit model developed by Mennerick et al. For both terminal- and soma-end recordings, capacitive current decays were well fitted by biexponential functions. Computer simulations of simplified models of rod bipolar cells demonstrated that estimates of the capacitance of the axon terminal compartment can depend critically on the recording location, with terminal-end recordings giving the best estimates. Computer simulations and whole cell recordings demonstrated that terminal-end recordings can yield more accurate estimates of the peak amplitude and kinetic properties of postsynaptic currents generated at the axon terminals due to increased electrotonic filtering of these currents when recorded at the soma. Finally, we present whole cell and outside-out patch recordings from axon terminals with responses evoked by GABA and glycine, spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, voltage-gated Ca2+ currents, and depolarization-evoked reciprocal synaptic responses, verifying that the recorded axon terminals are involved in normal pre- and postsynaptic relationships. These results demonstrate that axon terminals of rod bipolar cells are directly accessible to whole cell and outside-out patch recordings, extending the usefulness of this preparation for detailed studies of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic transmission in the CNS.

GABA responses of rod bipolar cells in rabbit retinal slices

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY S. McGILLEM ◽  
THOMAS C. ROTOLO ◽  
RAMON F. DACHEUX
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Slice Preparation ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Receptor Input ◽  
Sr 95531 ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

GABAergic responses of rabbit rod bipolar cells were reexamined by using whole-cell recordings in the superfused slice preparation to determine if there is GABAC receptor input to their axon terminal and to characterize the contribution that GABAA and GABAC receptors make to the total GABA current on the axon terminals of these cells. Pharmacological agents specifically blocking GABAA and GABAC receptor currents demonstrated that 37% of the GABA-activated current was blocked by either the GABAA antagonists bicuculline or SR-95531, whereas the remaining 63% of the GABA current was blocked by a mixture of bicuculline and the GABAC antagonist TPMPA. This indicated that GABAC receptors were present on the axon terminal of the rabbit rod bipolar cell and that they were responsible for mediating the bicuculline insensitive GABA current.

Analysis of K+ release kinetics of biomass ash with different pH

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Kan WANG ◽  
Zifang WANG ◽  
Ming GAO ◽  
Yaohua HUANG ◽  
Xiaofei HAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
K Release

scholarly journals Design and release kinetics of liposomes containing abiraterone acetate for treatment of prostate cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 100077
Author(s):  
Sudipta Das ◽  
Arnab Samanta ◽  
Shouvik Mondal ◽  
Debatri Roy ◽  
Amit Kumar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Abiraterone Acetate ◽  
Kinetics Of
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