scholarly journals Rate of change of carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood, jugular venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid on carbon dioxide administration.

1965 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Bradley ◽  
S J Semple ◽  
G T Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Arterial Blood

Acid-base changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during altered ventilation

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Merwarth ◽  
H. O. Sieker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Functional abnormalities of the central nervous system are observed with hypo- and hyperventilation. This study correlates changes of pH, carbon dioxide tension and carbon dioxide content in arterial and cerebral venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid during altered ventilation. With the experimental design in which ventilation was controlled and the sagittal sinus, femoral artery, and cisterna magna were cannulated, a slight metabolic acidosis was found. With 10% CO2 inhalation acidosis occurred in both blood and spinal fluid and early in the period of inhalation, the usual cerebrospinal-arterial fluid pCO2 gradient was reversed. With hyperventilation, pH and pCO2 changes were more pronounced in the arterial blood but, as hyperventilation was continued, the arterial-cerebrospinal fluid difference decreased. It appeared likely that brain tissue acts as an important buffer, absorbing and releasing CO2 during states of altered ventilation. CO2 diffuses rapidly across cell boundaries, whereas bicarbonate crosses more slowly, thus providing an explanation for the differences noted between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The particular clinical importance of these observations is that arterial pH, pCO2, and CO2 content may not accurately reflect changes within the cerebrospinal fluid or brain when ventilation is altered. Submitted on May 1, 1961

Clinical evaluation of an instrument to measure carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator gas outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽  
Thore H Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.

Hyperoxia of cerebral venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid following arterial air embolism

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norval M. Simms ◽  
Don M. Long ◽  
James H. Matthews ◽  
Shelley N. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Air Embolism ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
The Right

✓ Oxygen tension and acid-base parameters of cerebral venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, as well of femoral arterial blood, were studied in 14 dogs following injection of varying amounts of room air into the right vertebral artery. Acute elevations in oxygen tension were demonstrated in both cerebral venous blood and CSF, whereas hypoxemia occurred concomitantly in systemic arterial blood. Post-embolic increases in carbon dioxide tension with reciprocal diminutions in pH were evident in all sampling sites. The pathophysiological bases for these air-induced alterations are discussed.

Effect of Diamox (Acetazoleamide) on the Carbon Dioxide Tension of the Urine

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Capeci ◽  
Oscar R. Kruesi ◽  
Davis C. Weaver ◽  
James G. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After

In the anesthetized dog the pCO2 of the urine, arterial blood, and renal venous blood was measured before and after the intravenous administration of Diamox (acetazoleamide). The pCO2 of the urine always rose to a much greater degree than did the pCO2 of the arterial or renal venous blood This rise in urinary pCO2 could be explained satisfactorily neither by a rise in intracellular pCO2 nor by an increase in the rate of urine flow, but seemed best explained by the fact that Diamox itself acted as a urinary buffer.

A New Open-Circuit Method for Estimating Carbon Dioxide Tension in Mixed Venous Blood

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiah Al-Dulymi ◽  
R. Hainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Pco2 ◽  
Rebreathing Methods ◽  
Mixed Venous ◽  
Good Agreement

1. A new open-circuit respiratory method was developed to estimate mixed venous Pco2 more rapidly and accurately than is possible with rebreathing techniques. 2. The subject breathes a mixture of CO2 in air from an open circuit. Carbon dioxide is added to the air flowing through the circuit at a rate such that the Pco2 in the inspired and expired gases (recorded continuously with a CO2 analyser) are almost identical. 3. Results from respiratory and cardiac patients showed that equilibrium occurred in less than 10 s. There was good agreement between the tensions of CO2 in the respiratory plateaux and in mixed venous and arterial blood withdrawn during equilibrium. 4. During exercise, the tensions of CO2 of the plateaux and arterial blood at equilibrium also showed good agreement. 5. It is suggested that the new method represents an improvement over rebreathing methods as equilibrium is achieved rapidly before the mixed venous tension rises from recirculation.

scholarly journals Subdiaphragmatic venous stasis and tissular hypoperfusion as sources of metabolic acidosis during passive portal-jugular and caval-jugular bypasses in dogs

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Roberto de Barros Coelho ◽  
Álvaro Antônio Bandeira Ferraz ◽  
Renato Dornelas Câmara Neto ◽  
Ayrton Ponce de Souza ◽  
Edmundo Machado Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Base Deficit ◽  
Venous Stasis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood

Subdiafragmatic venous decompression during anhepatic stage of canine orthotopic liver transplantation attenuates portal and caval blood stasis and minimize hipoperfusion and metabolic acidosis observed with occlusion of portal and caval veins. During two hours, six dogs submitted to portal-jugular and caval-jugular passive shunts, with maintenance of arterial hepatic flow, were evaluated for pH, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), base deficit (BD) and oxygen tension (PO2) in portal, caval and systemic arterial blood, as well as for increments of BD (DBD) in portal and caval blood. With a confidence level of 95%, the results showed that: 1. There were not changes of pH anDBD in portal and systemic arterial blood in the majority of studied times; 2. There was metabolic acidosis in caval blood; 3. The negative increments of BD (DBD) were higher in caval blood than in splancnic venous blood at T10, T30 and T105; and, 4. Deoxigenation of portal and caval blood were detected. Acid-base metabolism and oxigenation monitoring of subdiaphramatic venous blood can constitute an effective way to evaluate experimental passive portal-jugular and caval-jugular bypass in dogs.

The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

Abstract 348: Impact of Low and High Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide on Neuron Specific Enolase Derived from Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients Who Underwent Targeted Temperature Management After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Retrospective Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changshin Kang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Temperature Management ◽  
Multi Centre Study

Aim: In a previous study, low and high-normal arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO 2 ) were not associated with serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) in cardiac arrest survivors. We assessed the effect of PaCO 2 on NSE in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Methods: This was a retrospective study. PaCO 2 for the first 24 h was analysed in four means, qualitative exposure state (qES), time-weighted average (TWA), median, and minimum-maximum (Min-Max). These subgroups were divided into low (LCO 2 ) and high PaCO 2 (HCO 2 ) groups defined as PaCO 2 ≤35.3 and PaCO 2 >43.5 mmHg, respectively. NSE was measured at 24, 48, and 72 h (sNSE 24,48,72 and cNSE 24,48,72 ) from return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The primary outcome was the association between PaCO 2 and the NSE measured at 24 h after ROSC. Results: Forty-two subjects (male, 33; 78.6%) were included in total cohort. PaCO 2 in TWA subgroup was associated with cNSE 24,48,72 , while PaCO 2 in the other subgroup were only associated with cNSE 24 . PaCO 2 and cNSE in qES subgroup showed good correlation (r= -0.61; p< 0.01), and in TWA, Median, and Min-Max subgroup showed moderate correlations (r= -0.57, r= -0.48, and r= -0.60; p< 0.01). Contrastively, sNSE was not associated and correlated with PaCO 2 in all analysis. Poor neurological outcome in LCO 2 was significantly higher than HCO 2 in qES, TWA, and Median subgroups ( p< 0.01, p< 0.01, and p= 0.02). Conclusion: Association was found between NSE and PaCO 2 using CSF, despite including normocapnic ranges; TWA of PaCO 2 may be most strongly associated with CSF NSE levels. A prospective, multi-centre study is required to confirm our results.

Noninvasive intracranial compliance and pressure based on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow: review of principles, implementation, and other noninvasive approaches

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia B. Raksin ◽  
Noam Alperin ◽  
Anusha Sivaramakrishnan ◽  
Sushma Surapaneni ◽  
Terry Lichtor
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cardiac Cycle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Intracranial Compliance ◽  
Arterial Blood

Current techniques for intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement are invasive. All require a surgical procedure for placement of a pressure probe in the central nervous system and, as such, are associated with risk and morbidity. These considerations have driven investigators to develop noninvasive techniques for pressure estimation. A recently developed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–based method to measure intracranial compliance and pressure is described. In this method the small changes in intracranial volume and ICP that occur naturally with each cardiac cycle are considered. The pressure change during the cardiac cycle is derived from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure gradient waveform calculated from the CSF velocities. The intracranial volume change is determined by the instantaneous differences between arterial blood inflow, venous blood outflow, and CSF volumetric flow rates into and out of the cranial vault. Elastance (the inverse of compliance) is derived from the ratio of the measured pressure and volume changes. A mean ICP value is then derived based on a linear relationship that exists between intracranial elastance and ICP. The method has been validated in baboons, flow phantoms, and computer simulations. To date studies in humans demonstrate good measurement reproducibility and reliability. Several other noninvasive approaches for ICP measurement, mostly nonimaging based, are also reviewed. Magnetic resonance imaging–based ICP measurement may prove valuable in the diagnosis and serial evaluation of patients with a variety of disorders associated with alterations in ICP.

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