FACTORS INFLUENCING FACE MASK SELECTION AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS: RESULTS FROM PILOT STUDY AMONGST MALAYSIAN UMRAH PILGRIMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Asyraf Azman ◽  
Shahrul Anuwar Mohamed Yusof ◽  
Imran Abdullah ◽  
Irfan Mohamad ◽  
Javeed Shaikh Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Mask Design ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention Methods

Hajj is the largest annual gathering of Muslims during which time over two million people from different parts of the world are gathered within a small area, leading to very high risks of acute respiratory infections (ARI) for the pilgrims. Therefore, preventive measures and controls should be implemented, including the implementation of non-pharmaceutical prevention methods such as the use of appropriate face masks, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, social distancing, and quarantine. A pilot study was conducted in 2013 to identify the types of face masks used by Malaysian Umrah pilgrims as well as to identify the problems pertaining to the face masks being used and to understand the factors influencing the selection of face masks by Malaysian pilgrims. Observations and survey methods were used in the pilot study. Data was collected from thirty respondents through a survey. This paper presents the results of the pilot study. Based on the knowledge of factors influencing face mask usage and selection from the pilot study, new face mask design(s) will be proposed for the Malaysian pilgrims. It is anticipated that the use of new face mask design(s) can reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections in Hajj and Umrah pilgrims.  

scholarly journals Comparison of the nasopharynx microbiome between influenza and non-influenza cases of severe acute respiratory infections: A pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. e47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Gustavo dos Anjos Borges ◽  
Adriana Giongo ◽  
Leandro de Mattos Pereira ◽  
Fernanda J. Trindade ◽  
Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Use of Personal Protective Equipment related to Acute Respiratory Infections in General Hospital Nurses

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Jungeun Kang ◽  
Jiyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Safety Climate ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Hospital Nurses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Factors Influencing

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify the risk perception of acute respiratory infections, safety climate and the use of personal protective equipment, and to verify the factors influencing use of personal protective equipment by nurses’ working in general hospitals.Methods: The survey was conducted with 133 nurses working in general hospitals with 200 beds to 499 beds. Data collection was done, from November 13 to December 12, 2017. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.Results: Factors influencing the use of personal protective equipment related to acute respiratory infections in general hospital nurses were training (β=.36, <i>p</i><.001), types of isolation facilities in the respective departments (negative pressure room) (β=.27, <i>p</i><.001), patient instructions (β=.20, <i>p</i>=.027), and absence of job hindrances (β=.15, <i>p</i>=.042). The explanatory power of these results was 47.6%.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that for general hospital nurses it is necessary to establish a physical safety climate such as a negative pressure room, and to encourage the use of personal protective equipment related to acute respiratory infections. Also, changes should be accompanied by training in the use of personal protective equipment, provision of patient care guidelines, compliance with standard precaution, and the creation of an organizational safety climate and support for the organization.

scholarly journals Frequency of Risk Factors Leading to Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children Under Two Year’s Age and their Gender and Age Wise Comparison

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Nighat Musa ◽  
Riaz Gul ◽  
Yasir Mehmood ◽  
Saira Afridi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
Tract Infections

OBJECTIVETo determine the frequency of different risk factors leading to Acute Respiratory Infections among children under two yearsTo determine the most susceptible age group and to compare frequency of disease in both gendersMETHODOLOGYStudy design was cross sectional observational. Duration of the study was three months (September – November 2014. Study was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar namely Khyber Teaching hospital & Hayatabad Medical Complex. A total of 200 children under 2 years of age who were attending outpatient department of two tertiary hospitals of Peshawar were studied. After getting consent from parents of children, data was collected from parents. A semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool. Pilot study was conducted prior to the actual study to check the feasibility of questionnaire. Children with acute respiratory tract infections were included in the study while immune compromised and children with other serious systemic diseases were excluded from the study Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs.RESULTSFrequency of acute respiratory infections was common among males (65%) as compare to female children under two year of age. The most susceptible age group was found to be less than 06 months (46%), then is 7-12 months (33%). Environmental risk factors found to be involved in cases of ARI were poverty (73.5%), rural residency with poor cross ventilation in houses (poor or no cross ventilation 66%), no or partial immunization was 35% with malnutrition of sick children 76% may contribute to development of illness more quickly than other children. Illiteracy among mothers (78%) and 39% among fathersCONCLUSIONSARI is more common in infants less than 6 months of age and males are more affected as compared to female children. Poor socioeconomic status, Illiteracy, poor or no cross ventilation in houses, poor immunization status and malnutrition are the key risk factors.

scholarly journals Face masks to prevent transmission of respiratory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. Ollila ◽  
Markku Partinen ◽  
Jukka Koskela ◽  
Riikka Savolainen ◽  
Anna Rotkirch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Face ◽  
Intent To Treat

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of face mask intervention in respiratory infections across different exposure settings and age groups.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of face masks on respiratory infections published by November 18th 2020. Our reporting follows the PRISMA guidelines.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomized controlled trials investigating the effect of face masks in respiratory infections and influenza-like illness across different exposure settings and age groups. Two reviewers independently performed the search, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis with risk ratio, risk difference, and number needed to treat were performed. Findings in exposure settings, age groups, and role of non-compliance were examined using a subgroup analysis.ResultsTotal of 17 studies were included, with N = 11, 601 individuals in intervention and N = 10, 286 in the control group with follow-up duration from 4 days to 19 months). 14 trials included adults (and children) and 3 included children only. 12 studies suffered from non-compliance in the treatment arm and 11 in the control arm. All studies were intent-to-treat analyses, and, thus, non-compliance can bias individual intent-to-treat estimates towards zero. Four out of seventeen studies supported use of face masks. A meta-analysis of all 17 studies found no association between face mask intervention and respiratory infections (RR = 0.9046 [0.777 - 1.053], p = 0.196, p fixed effect = 0.0006). However, a meta-analysis using odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, and vaccination (when available) suggests protective effect of the face mask intervention (17 studies, OR = 0.850 [0.736 - 0.982], p=0.027). A subgroup meta-analysis among adults with (unadjusted) risk ratios found a decrease in respiratory infections (14 studies, RR = 0.859 [0.750 - 0.983], p = 0.026, and 4 studies with a combined face masks and hand hygiene intervention RR = 0.782 [0.696 - 0.879], p < 0.0001). Finally, the face mask use is also supported by a meta-regression adjusting the effect estimates for non-compliance in the controls (17 studies RR = 0.87 [0.780 - 0.980], p = 0.017).ConclusionOur findings support the use of face masks to prevent respiratory infections.

scholarly journals One size fits all?: A simulation framework for face-mask fit on population-based faces

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252143
Author(s):  
Tomas Solano ◽  
Rajat Mittal ◽  
Kourosh Shoele
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Virtual Population ◽  
Mask Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gap Opening ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Face ◽  
Static Mechanical

The use of face masks by the general population during viral outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, although at times controversial, has been effective in slowing down the spread of the virus. The extent to which face masks mitigate the transmission is highly dependent on how well the mask fits each individual. The fit of simple cloth masks on the face, as well as the resulting perimeter leakage and face mask efficacy, are expected to be highly dependent on the type of mask and facial topology. However, this effect has, to date, not been adequately examined and quantified. Here, we propose a framework to study the efficacy of different mask designs based on a quasi-static mechanical model of the deployment of face masks onto a wide range of faces. To illustrate the capabilities of the proposed framework, we explore a simple rectangular cloth mask on a large virtual population of subjects generated from a 3D morphable face model. The effect of weight, age, gender, and height on the mask fit is studied. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended homemade cloth mask design was used as a basis for comparison and was found not to be the most effective design for all subjects. We highlight the importance of designing masks accounting for the widely varying population of faces. Metrics based on aerodynamic principles were used to determine that thin, feminine, and young faces were shown to benefit from mask sizes smaller than that recommended by the CDC. Besides mask size, side-edge tuck-in, or pleating, of the masks as a design parameter was also studied and found to have the potential to cause a larger localized gap opening.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: how safe is it to fly and what can be done to enhance protection?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Harries ◽  
Leonardo Martinez ◽  
Jeremiah M Chakaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Face

Abstract With lockdown restrictions over coronavirus disease 2019 being relaxed, airlines are returning to the skies. Published evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 transmission on aircraft is limited, but in-flight transmission of respiratory infections such as tuberculosis, influenza and SARS has been well described. Risk factors include proximity to index patients and sitting in aisle seats. Personal protection on aircraft could be enhanced by always wearing a well-fitting face mask and face shield or sunglasses, wiping surfaces and hands with alcohol-based sanitizers, not touching the face, not queuing for washrooms, changing seats if nearby passengers are coughing and choosing a window rather than an aisle seat.

scholarly journals Pilot study of participant-collected nasal swabs for acute respiratory infections in a low-income, urban population

2016 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Melissa Stockwell ◽  
Celibell Vargas ◽  
Liqun Wang ◽  
Yaritza Castellanos de Belliard ◽  
Maria Morban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nasal Swabs

scholarly journals Facemasks for Source Control: Testing Influenza Transfer to Bedside Tables

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. s77-s77
Author(s):  
Adriane Biggio ◽  
Stephanie Nagy-Agren
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Infection Control Practice ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
The Face

Background: Research testing human study participants regarding the effectiveness of face masks in preventing influenza transfer or transmission is limited. In this pilot study, we investigated the following question: In influenza-positive veterans, what is the effect of face-mask wearing in comparison to not wearing a face mask on influenza transfer to bedside tables measured for 2 hours per condition over a 10-week period during the 2019–2020 influenza season Methods: Influenza-positive veterans with influenza symptom onset ≤ 120 hours admitted to the Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center were recruited to participate in this study. Exclusion criteria included critical illness requiring an oxygen mask or intubation. The Precept® FluidGard® 160 Procedure Mask 15300, Precept Medical Products, Inc., Arden, NC was worn by all participants during the two-hour intervention period. Surface swabs were used to measure the presence of influenza on bedside tables. CDC/NIOSH tested for influenza A and B from surface samples and facemasks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (TaqMan ThermoFisher Scientific). Demographic information was collected (Table 1). A study questionnaire collected qualitative data on tolerability and feasibility of wearing a facemask when hospitalized with influenza. Institutional Review Board approval was granted. Results: From January 2, 2020, to March 11, 2020, 8 participants completed the study. Mean age was 67 years, all were male. Of these 8 participants, 6 had influenza A and 2 had influenza B. Half were diabetic; all received oseltamivir. Relative room humidity ranged from 15.6% to 39.8%. Neither influenza A nor B was detected by qPCR on bedside tables for any of the 8 participants under either face-mask–wearing condition. All participants reported that wearing the face mask was easy or very easy; of these, 5 reported experiencing warmth from the mask. Also, 50% of participants selected 2 hours as the time they could tolerate wearing a mask; the other 25% specified they could wear the face mask for 3 hours or 5 hours or more, respectively. Conclusions: In this pilot study, we demonstrated that wearing face masks is a tolerable infection control practice for providing source control for inpatients with influenza and will guide future research. Because a major limitation was the small size of the study, associated with lack of viral capture, a larger study is planned. Using face masks for source control among inpatients with influenza and other respiratory virus infections should be considered a standard infection control practice.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

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