EFFECTS OF ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION ON ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH AND PHOTO PLETHYSMOGRAPH

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Bashir Uddin ◽  
Mohiuddin Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Abdur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Maximum Increment ◽  
Data Acquisition Unit

The effects of energy drinks (ED) consumption on electrocardiograph (ECG) and photo plethysmograph (PPG) of several healthy human subjects are evaluated in this study. ECG recordings were performed with electrode lead set connected to MP36 (Biopac, USA) data acquisition unit. PPG recordings were also performed with pulse transducer connected to same data acquisition unit. ECG and PPG recordings were performed before and after having ED available in Bangladesh. Recordings were done with some interval of time from the instant of having ED. After consuming ED, it is observed that the R peak amplitude of ECG which is a vital part of QRS complex increases to a significant value. The maximum increment in R peak amplitude of ECG is found about 4.8% due to having ED which may give a short-term little boost of energy. This increment in R peak amplitude of ECG effectively continues up to 90 to 95 minutes approximately from the instant of being energized. A significant decrement is observed in peak to peak amplitude of PPG and heart rate (HR) due to the consumption of ED which may lead cardiac abnormality as well. Though the consumption of ED gives a short-term energy boost, it may cause any kinds of long- term cardiac diseases.

scholarly journals Measurement of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent MRI and oxygen transit modeling

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (6) ◽  
pp. F579-F587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Zhang ◽  
Glen Morrell ◽  
Henry Rusinek ◽  
Lizette Warner ◽  
Pierre-Hugues Vivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Oxygenation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Bold Mri ◽  
Before And After

Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI data of kidney, while indicative of tissue oxygenation level (Po2), is in fact influenced by multiple confounding factors, such as R2, perfusion, oxygen permeability, and hematocrit. We aim to explore the feasibility of extracting tissue Po2 from renal BOLD data. A method of two steps was proposed: first, a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate blood oxygen saturation (SHb) from BOLD signals, and second, an oxygen transit model to convert SHb to tissue Po2. The proposed method was calibrated and validated with 20 pigs (12 before and after furosemide injection) in which BOLD-derived tissue Po2 was compared with microprobe-measured values. The method was then applied to nine healthy human subjects (age: 25.7 ± 3.0 yr) in whom BOLD was performed before and after furosemide. For the 12 pigs before furosemide injection, the proposed model estimated renal tissue Po2 with errors of 2.3 ± 5.2 mmHg (5.8 ± 13.4%) in cortex and −0.1 ± 4.5 mmHg (1.7 ± 18.1%) in medulla, compared with microprobe measurements. After injection of furosemide, the estimation errors were 6.9 ± 3.9 mmHg (14.2 ± 8.4%) for cortex and 2.6 ± 4.0 mmHg (7.7 ± 11.5%) for medulla. In the human subjects, BOLD-derived medullary Po2 increased from 16.0 ± 4.9 mmHg (SHb: 31 ± 11%) at baseline to 26.2 ± 3.1 mmHg (SHb: 53 ± 6%) at 5 min after furosemide injection, while cortical Po2 did not change significantly at ∼58 mmHg (SHb: 92 ± 1%). Our proposed method, validated with a porcine model, appears promising for estimating tissue Po2 from renal BOLD MRI data in human subjects.

scholarly journals Circulating vaspin and visfatin are not affected by acute or chronic energy deficiency or leptin administration in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 164 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Seok Kang ◽  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Elizabeth Sienkiewicz ◽  
Christos S Mantzoros
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Energy Deprivation

ObjectiveAnimal and in vitro studies indicate that leptin alleviates starvation-induced reduction in circulating vaspin and stimulates the production of visfatin. We thus examined whether vaspin and visfatin are affected by short- and long-term energy deprivation and leptin administration in human subjects in vivo.Design and methodsWe measured circulating levels of vaspin and visfatin i) before and after 72 h of starvation (leading to severe hypoleptinemia) with or without leptin administration in replacement doses in 13 normal-weight subjects, ii) before and after 72 h of starvation with leptin administration in pharmacological doses in 13 lean and obese subjects, iii) during chronic energy deficiency in eight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea on leptin replacement for 3 months, and iv) during chronic energy deficiency in 18 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea on leptin replacement or placebo for 3 months.ResultsAcute starvation decreased serum leptin to 21% of baseline values, (P=0.002) but had no significant effect on vaspin and visfatin concentrations (P>0.05). Nor did normalization of leptin levels affect the concentrations of these two adipokines (P>0.9). Leptin replacement in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea did not significantly alter vaspin and visfatin concentrations, whether relative to baseline or placebo administration (P>0.25). Pharmacological doses of leptin did not affect circulating vaspin and visfatin concentrations (P>0.9).ConclusionsCirculating vaspin and visfatin are not affected by acute or chronic energy deficiency leading to hypoleptinemia and are not regulated by leptin in human subjects, indicating that these adipocyte-secreted hormonal regulators of metabolism are independently regulated in humans.

scholarly journals Association betweenFaecalibacterium prausnitziiand dietary fibre in colonic fermentation in healthy human subjects

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin F. J. Benus ◽  
Tjip S. van der Werf ◽  
Gjalt W. Welling ◽  
Patricia A. Judd ◽  
Moira A. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Proportional Reduction

The intestinal microbiota are a complex ecosystem influencing the immunoregulation of the human host, providing protection from colonising pathogens and producing SCFA as the main energy source of colonocytes. Our objective was to investigate the effect of dietary fibre exclusion and supplementation on the intestinal microbiota and SCFA concentrations. Faecal samples were obtained from healthy volunteers before and after two 14 d periods of consuming formulated diets devoid or supplemented with fibre (14 g/l). The faecal microbiota were analysed using fluorescentin situhybridisation and SCFA were measured using GLC. There were large and statistically significant reductions in the numbers of theFaecalibacterium prausnitzii(P ≤ 0·01) andRoseburiaspp. (P ≤ 0·01) groups during both the fibre-free and fibre-supplemented diets. Significant and strong positive correlations between the proportion ofF. prausnitziiand the proportion of butyrate during both baseline normal diets were found (pre-fibre freer0·881,P = 0·001; pre-fibre supplementedr0·844,P = 0·002). A significant correlation was also found between the proportional reduction inF. prausnitziiand the proportional reduction in faecal butyrate during both the fibre-free (r0·806;P = 0·005) and the fibre-supplemented diet (r0·749;P = 0·013). These findings may contribute to the understanding of the association between fibre, microbiota and fermentation in health, during enteral nutrition and in disease states such as Crohn's disease.

scholarly journals Effects of alcohol on food and energy intake in human subjects: evidence for passive and active over-consumption of energy

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (S1) ◽  
pp. S31-S34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Yeomans
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Appetite Stimulation

The effects of alcohol on food and energy intake in human subjects have been the subject of a number of controlled studies recently. Unlike the evidence for other macronutrients, there is minimal evidence for any compensatory reduction in food intake in response to energy ingested as alcohol. In contrast, all studies testing intake within 1 h of preload ingestion report a higher intake of food following alcohol relative to energy-matched controls, although this short-term stimulatory effect is not evident if the test meal is delayed beyond 1 h. This time-course suggests that short-term stimulation of appetite may be mediated by the pharmacological action of alcohol on the appetite control system, either through enhanced orosensory reward or impaired satiety. In the long term, energy ingested as alcohol is additive to energy from other sources, suggesting that moderate alcohol consumption results in long-term passive over-consumption alongside short-term active over-consumption of energy through appetite stimulation. Despite the consistency of enhanced energy intake after moderate alcohol, evidence of an association between alcohol in the diet and obesity remains contentious, although the most recent results suggest that alcohol intake correlates with BMI. Future research needs to address this issue and clarify the mechanisms underlying appetite stimulation by alcohol.

Chewing gum increases energy expenditure before and after controlled breakfasts

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Kresge ◽  
Kathleen Melanson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gum Chewing ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Increase Energy Expenditure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Chewing has been associated with improved satiation and satiety, but little is known about the metabolic impact of gum chewing. We tested the hypothesis that gum chewing would increase energy expenditure (EE) and reduce respiratory exchange ratio (RER) before and after a controlled test meal. Seventeen males and 13 females (age 21.5 ± 6.6 years, body mass index 23.9 ± 2.8 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study in which subjects chewed sugar-free gum for a total of 1 h (3 sessions of 20 min) on the test day (GC) and did not chew gum on a control day (NG). EE and RER were measured by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast. Subjects consumed a breakfast shake containing 30% of their measured energy needs, and then postprandial EE and RER were measured for 3 h. Blood glucose (GLC) was measured in the fasting and postprandial states at regular intervals. Fasting EE was higher during GC (1.23 ± 0.04 kcal/min; 1 kcal = 4.2 kJ) than during NG (1.17 ± 0.04 kcal/min; p = 0.016). Postprandial EE was also higher during GC (1.46 ± 0.05 kcal/min) than during NG (1.42 ± 0.05 kcal/min; p = 0.037). Fasting and postprandial RER and GLC did not differ between GC and NG. The findings demonstrate that GC is associated with higher fasting and postprandial EE without altering blood glucose or substrate oxidation as measured by RER. These data suggest that gum chewing potentially could influence short-term energy balance in this population; however, longer-term research is needed.

scholarly journals Divergent Changes in Plasma AGEs and sRAGE Isoforms Following an Overnight Fast in T1DM

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Miranda ◽  
Kelly Fuller ◽  
Ryan Perkins ◽  
Paul Beisswenger ◽  
Sarah Farabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Metabolic Substrates ◽  
Soluble Rage ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Endogenous Secretory Rage

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promote the development of diabetic complications through activation of their receptor (RAGE). Isoforms of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) sequester AGEs and protect against RAGE-mediated diabetic complications. We investigated the effect of an overnight fast on circulating metabolic substrates, hormones, AGEs, and sRAGE isoforms in 26 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Blood was collected from 26 young (18–30 years) T1DM patients on insulin pumps before and after an overnight fast. Circulating AGEs were measured via LC-MS/MS and sRAGE isoforms were analyzed via ELISA. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and eGFRcystatin-c decreased while cortisol increased following the overnight fast (p < 0.05). AGEs (CML, CEL, 3DG-H, MG-H1, and G-H1) decreased (21–58%, p < 0.0001) while total sRAGE, cleaved RAGE (cRAGE), and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) increased (22–24%, p < 0.0001) following the overnight fast. The changes in sRAGE isoforms were inversely related to MG-H1 (rho = −0.493 to −0.589, p < 0.05) and the change in esRAGE was inversely related to the change in G-H1 (rho = −0.474, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analyses revealed a 1 pg/mL increase in total sRAGE, cRAGE, or esRAGE independently predicted a 0.42–0.52 nmol/L decrease in MG-H1. Short-term energy restriction via an overnight fast resulted in increased sRAGE isoforms and may be protective against AGE accumulation.

O3-induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1321-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seltzer ◽  
B. G. Bigby ◽  
M. Stulbarg ◽  
M. J. Holtzman ◽  
J. A. Nadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Airway Responsiveness ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Before And After

The increase in airway responsiveness induced by O3 exposure in dogs is associated with airway epithelial inflammation, as evidenced by an increase in the number of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) found in epithelial biopsies and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We investigated in 10 healthy, human subjects whether O3-induced hyperresponsiveness was similarly associated with airway inflammation by examining changes in the types of cells recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained after exposure to air or to O3 (0.4 or 0.6 ppm). We also measured the concentrations of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in lavage fluid. We measured airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine aerosol before and after each exposure and performed bronchoalveolar lavage 3 h later. We found more neutrophils in the lavage fluid from O3-exposed subjects, especially in those in whom O3 exposure produced an increase in airway responsiveness. We also found significant increases in the concentrations of prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and thromboxane B2 in lavage fluid from O3-exposed subjects. These results show that in human subjects O3-induced hyperresponsiveness to methacholine is associated with an influx of neutrophils into the airways and with changes in the levels of some cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid.

scholarly journals Combined effects of moderate exercise and short-term fasting on markers of immune function in healthy human subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. R1103-R1115
Author(s):  
Frank C. Mooren ◽  
Karsten Krueger ◽  
Robert Ringseis ◽  
Klaus Eder ◽  
Gerhard Liebisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
T Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects ◽  
Neutrophil Oxidative Burst

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term (36 h) fasting period combined with an acute bout of exercise on markers of immune function and inflammation in healthy human subjects. Fourteen moderately trained male subjects (aged 19–39 yr) participated in a 36-h fasting trial (FA-T), followed by an acute bout of moderate exercise (60% V̇o2max). After 1 wk, the same subjects, as their own control, participated in a nonfasting trial (NFA-T) in which they performed an exercise trial of the same duration and intensity. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after each exercise bout and analyzed for several immunological and metabolic markers. At baseline, fasting subjects showed lower levels of T cell apoptosis, lymphocyte-proliferative responses, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), insulin, and leptin ( P < 0.05) as well as higher levels of neutrophil oxidative burst and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those in the NFA-T ( P < 0.05). After the exercise protocol, fasted subjects revealed higher T cell apoptosis, neutrophil oxidative burst, TBARS, TNFα, and MCP-1 levels as well as lower levels of lymphocyte-proliferative response, IL-6, insulin, and leptin than those in the NFA-T ( P < 0.05). Short-term fasting aggravates perturbations in markers of immune function, and inflammation was induced by an acute moderate-intensity exercise protocol.

scholarly journals Aging steepens the slope of power spectrum density of 30-minute continuous blood pressure recording in healthy human subjects

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248428
Author(s):  
Jumpei Mano ◽  
Keita Saku ◽  
Hiroyuki Kinoshita ◽  
Hiroshi Mannoji ◽  
Shigehiko Kanaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Power Spectrum Density ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects ◽  
Spectrum Density ◽  
Older Subjects

Background The increase of blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is recognized as an important additional cardiovascular risk factor in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients. Aging-induced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysfunction impair the baroreflex and, in turn, augment 24-hour BPV. In small and large animal experiments, impaired baroreflex steepens the slope of the power spectrum density (PSD) of continuous BP in the frequency range of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz. Although the repeated oscillometric BP recording over 24 hours or longer is a prerequisite to quantify BPV in humans, how the very short-term continuous BP recording reflects BPV remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of aging on the very short-term (30-min) BPV in healthy human subjects by frequency analysis. Methods We recorded continuous BP tonometrically for 30 min in 56 healthy subjects aged between 28 and 85 years. Considering the frequency-dependence of the baroreflex dynamic function, we estimated the PSD of BP in the frequency range of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz, and compared the characteristics of PSD among four age groups (26–40, 41–55, 56–70 and 71–85 years). Results Aging did not significantly alter mean and standard deviation (SD) of BP among four age groups. PSD was nearly flat around 0.01 Hz and decreased gradually as the frequency increased. The slope of PSD between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz was steeper in older subjects (71 years or older) than in younger subjects (55 years or younger) (p < 0.05). Conclusions Aging steepened the slope of PSD of BP between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz. This phenomenon may partly be related to the deterioration of the baroreflex in older subjects. Our proposed method to evaluate very short-term continuous BP recordings may contribute to the stratification of BPV.

scholarly journals A MULTI-MINERAL INTERVENTION TO MODULATE COLONIC MUCOSAL PROTEIN PROFILE: Results from a 90-day trial in healthy human subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad N. Aslam ◽  
Shannon D. McClintock ◽  
Mohamed Ali H. Jawad-Makki ◽  
Karsten Knuver ◽  
Haris M. Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Nucleic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Proteomic Screen ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACTThe overall goal of this study was to determine if Aquamin®, a calcium- and magnesium-rich natural product, would alter the expression of proteins involved in growth-regulation, differentiation and barrier formation in the colon. Thirty healthy human subjects were enrolled in a three-arm, 90-day interventional trial in which Aquamin® (provided daily to deliver 800-mg of calcium per day) was compared to calcium alone and placebo. Before and after the 90-day interventional period, colonic biopsies were obtained. Biopsies were evaluated by immunohistology for expression of Ki67 (a proliferation marker) and for CK20 and p21 (differentiation markers). Tandem mass tag-mass spectrometry-based detection was used to assess levels of multiple proteins. As compared to placebo or calcium, Aquamin® reduced the level of Ki67 expression (20%). Neither intervention altered CK20 expression, while a trend toward increased p21 was observed with calcium and Aquamin® (117% and 99% respectively). In the proteomic screen, Aquamin® treatment resulted in many more proteins being upregulated or downregulated (1.5 fold-change with ≤2% false-discovery rate) than placebo. Included among the upregulated proteins were cytokeratins, cell-cell adhesion molecules and components of the basement membrane. Many of the downregulated proteins were those involved in proliferation and nucleic acid metabolism. Calcium alone also altered the expression of many of the same proteins but not to the same extent as Aquamin®. We conclude that daily Aquamin® ingestion alters protein expression profile in the colon that could be beneficial to colonic health. These data warrant additional studies with a larger sample size to validate these findings.Prevention RelevanceA multi-mineral approach reduced proliferation and induced differentiation in ex vivo settings and has been shown to decrease colon polyp incidence in mouse (polyp-prevention) studies. The findings from a 90-day trial in human subjects (presented here) demonstrated improved biomarker-modulation efficacy, warranting to conduct the polyp-prevention trial in at-risk human subjects.

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