ASCENDANCY OF ULTRASONIC REACTOR FOR MICRO BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Abdullah ◽  
N. Baluch ◽  
S. Mohtar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Chain Molecules ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is a form of biofuel; diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled greases. Biodiesel is produced through a process called transesterification which involves taking naturally occurring carbon chain molecules, known as triglycerides, found in such feed stocks as seed oils and animal fats, and converting them into methyl esters, which is the chemical term for biodiesel. The conventional transesterification of the triglycerides to fatty methyl esters and glycerin is slow and not complete. During the conversion process not all fatty acid chains are turned into alkyl esters (biodiesel) reducing biodiesel quality and yield, significantly. In considering a new biodiesel facility or an upgrade of existing biodiesel plant, it is imperative that ultrasonic mixing technology be considered; it is efficient and ideal for micro scale biodiesel processing. This paper infers the efficiency of Ultrasonics for the ultrasonication of liquids and gleans that Ultrasonic cavitational mixing is the most advanced means to form fine-size emulsions at micro processing scale.  The paper construes the innovative ascendancy of ‘Ultrasonic Reactor’ for micro scale production of biodiesel and demonstrates that there is a direct link between methanol droplet size, biodiesel yield, and conversion speed which makes ultrasonic reactors the most productive technology in the biodiesel industry. The paper concludes that biofuels are sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and biodiesel is a green energy source for agriculture, transport and power generation at micro level use in rural communities. 

scholarly journals Potential Feedstock of Rubber Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.14) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
N. Hamzah ◽  
S. Mohd Isa ◽  
N. Ahmad Tajuddin
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel can help to reduce the world‘s dependence on fossil fuels and which also has significant environmental benefits. Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained via transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. The rubber seed oil (RSO) is chosen as a potential non-edible vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel. The oil was extracted from the seed by using pressurized liquid extraction (ASE). The percentage rubber seed oil extracted from 2.6 kilograms rubber seed was obtained 35%. The acid value of RSO has reduced from 52.3 mg KOH/g to 0.8 mg KOH/g while FFA% value has reduced from 35% to 1.18% after acid esterification was applied to RSO. The oil was proceed with base transesterification where the triglycerides from the oil were converted into FAME. The optimization of transesterification process was performed in order to determine the optimum conditions that give the highest FAME yield. Result shows that optimum conditions of the transesterification of rubber seed oil were 1:6 of oil to methanol mass ratio ,30 wt% KOH catalyst, 60 oC reaction temperature and 60 minutes reaction time, that offering the highest biodiesel yield of 96%.   

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

Optimized Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Methyl Esters Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as Heterogenous Catalyst

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kafuku ◽  
Makme Mbarawa ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
Keat Teong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Super Acid ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Oil

Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), prepared from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, have gained great importance in substituting petroleum based diesel for combating environmental problems and higher diesel prices. Moringa oleifera fatty acids are among the newly investigated potentials for biodiesel production in recent years. In getting rid of soap formation and thus large waste washing water from biodiesel produced from homogenous catalysts, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is currently preferred due to easily separation and purification of the final products. In this study, biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil using sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2−SiO2) as super acid solid catalyst. The experimental design was done using design of experiment (DoE), specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design (CCD) with alpha (α) = 2. The reaction parameters in the optimization process were reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 to 3 hrs) and methanol to oil ratio (1:6 to 1:24 mol/mol). It was observed that the yield up to 84wt% of moringa oleifera methyl esters can be obtained with reaction conditions of 150°C temperature, 150 minutes reaction time and 1:19.5 methanol to oil ratio, while catalyst concentration and agitation speed are kept at 3wt% and 350 rpm respectively.

scholarly journals RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
K. Malins ◽  
V. Kampars ◽  
R. Kampare ◽  
T. Rusakova
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Using Mg-Al Nano Hydrotalcite

2013 ◽  
Vol 678 ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Manivannan ◽  
C. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Solid Base Catalysts ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Benign Process ◽  
Nano Catalysts

Abstract Methyl ester of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats are known as biodiesel. The most common method of biodiesel production is transesterification (alcoholysis) of oil (triglycerides) with methanol in the presence of a catalyst which gives biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) and glycerol (by product). In this work, an environmentally benign process for the methanolysis of neem oil to methyl esters using Mg–Al nano hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts in a heterogeneous manner was developed. The effect of the reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol /oil molar ratio on the Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite was analyzed. The nano catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM). Biodiesel produced from the neem oil by using Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite catalyst was analyzed by gas chromatography.

WASTE FRYING OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION TREATED BY STEAM DRAG METHOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Sena MARINS ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Oliveira CARDOSO ◽  
Mara Eliza SANTOS ◽  
Jeferson MASSINHAN
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Conversion Rates

Demand for diversified biodiesel feedstocks is high and increasing, but few are viable for large-scale production, and many of those selected compete with other sectors of the chemical industry. To improve energy and environmental sustainability, fatty acids from waste oils that are improperly disposed of and pollute the environment can be used for transesterification reactions. However, they need treatment to achieve high conversion rates. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform and analyze the treatment of residual frying oil with the evaporation and entrainment process, aiming at its use as raw material to obtain biodiesel (methyl esters) by a transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the residual oil after treatment were characterized by moisture content, pH and the acidity, saponification, iodine, and peroxide index. The conversion rate of the residual oil to methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR analysis. After the treatment, the method of analysis of variance showed that the oil obtained a significant reduction of the saponification, iodine, peroxide and acidity indexes, being the acidity reduced from 9.36 to 7.85 mg KOH g-1. The moisture content of 0.733% and elevation of pH to 8.0. The conversion rate of fatty acid biodiesel of residual oil was 79.3 %, lower value of standards norms (ASTM, 2005; EN, 2008; ANP, 2014), showing that the assigned methodology for frying residual oil is inefficient in biodiesel production.

High Performance Alternative Diesel Engine Fuel using Modified Rice Straw Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehab Metwally ◽  
hassan Abu Hashish ◽  
Haitham Abd El-Samad ◽  
Mostafa Awad ◽  
Ghada Kadry
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Engine Fuel

Abstract Background: The world depends almost on fossil fuels. This leads to depletion of oil and an increase in environmental pollution. Therefore, the researchers search to find alternative fuels. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was selected as feedstock for biodiesel production to eliminates the pollution problems. The agricultural waste is very big and without cost, this leads to the use of the rice straw in preparing a catalyst for biodiesel production. Results: The reusability of the acidic catalyst confirmed that the conversion efficiency was high until after 8 cycles of the production. The highest conversion efficiency of the converting WCO extended to 90.38% with 92.5% maximum mass yield and methyl ester content 97.7% wt. at the optimized conditions. The result was indicating that B15 is the best blend for thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption. All emission concentrations decrease with increasing the engine load, especially for B15 fuels compared to the diesel oil.Conclusion: The novelty of this paper is assessing the methyl esters from the local WCO as an alternative fuel for diesel engines using a heterogeneous catalyst based on the agricultural waste. The performance of the diesel engines and its exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated with the produced biodiesel of WCO as a blend (B10, B15, and B20) compared to the diesel.

scholarly journals Waste Frying Oil Transesterification Treated by Steam Drag Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Sena Marins ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Oliveira Cardoso ◽  
Mara Eliza Santos ◽  
Jeferson Massinhan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Conversion Rates

Demand for diversified biodiesel feedstocks is high and increasing, but few are viable for large-scale production, and many of those selected compete with other sectors of the chemical industry. To improve energy and environmental sustainability, fatty acids from waste oils that are improperly disposed of and pollute the environment can be used for transesterification reactions. However, they need treatment to achieve high conversion rates. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform and analyze the treatment of residual frying oil with the evaporation and entrainment process, aiming at its use as raw material to obtain biodiesel (methyl esters) by a transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the residual oil after treatment were characterized by moisture content, pH and the acidity, saponification, iodine, and peroxide index. The conversion rate of the residual oil to methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR analysis. After the treatment, the method of analysis of variance showed that the oil obtained a significant reduction of the saponification, iodine, peroxide and acidity indexes, being the acidity reduced from 9.36 to 7.85 mg KOH g-1. The moisture content of 0.733 % and elevation of pH to 8.0. The conversion rate of fatty acid biodiesel of residual oil was 79.3 %, lower value of standards norms (ASTM, 2005; EN, 2008; ANP, 2014), showing that the assigned methodology for frying residual oil is inefficient in biodiesel production

Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol, a By-Product of Biodiesel Production

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsanett Herseczki ◽  
Tamás Varga ◽  
Gyula Marton
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Glycerol Carbonate ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Solvent Additive ◽  
Mechanism Component

Methyl esters of fatty acids (also known as biodiesel) made from transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with methanol, have shown a lot of promise as alternative diesel fuels. Glycerol is the inevitable byproduct of transesterification process. While there are existing markets for glycerol, a significant increase in availability of glycerol, resulting from the expanded use of vegetable oils and animal fats, would destabilize the glycerol market. In this study, the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate was investigated. Glycerol carbonate is a key multifunctional compound employed as a solvent, additive, monomer and chemical intermediate. The resulting glycerol carbonate was obtained in almost quantitative yield. According to measured data a well-elaborated mathematical model of the reactor was used for experiments can be adequate to assign parameters of kinetic equations of the assumed reaction mechanism. Component mass balances were built into the reactor model and order of reactions was fixed.

Influence of antioxidant addition on the emissions of a diesel engine by using waste cooking oil biodiesel

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Halek ◽  
Ali Kavousi-Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Efficient Reduction ◽  
Cooking Oils

Biodiesel is a renewable energy resource consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids obtained from vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, or animal fats. Biodiesel has been noticed recently as an alternative to fossil fuels. Previous studies have shown that biodiesel produces less pollutants compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel increases the emission of NOx exceptionally. Recently, it has been found that antioxidant addition to biodiesel is a solution to solve the problem. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of antioxidants addition on the emissions of CO, HC, and NOx from biodiesel fuel. Exhaust emissions of an agriculture diesel engine were studied using biodiesel blend with a 500 ppm propyl gallate (PrG) (propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BhA) (2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol) as two major antioxidants. Biodiesel used in this research was prepared through NaOH catalyzed transesterification of a waste cooking oil that originally was taken from sunflower oil, with the assistance of ultrasonic homogenizer. After biodiesel production, five blends including neat diesel, B10, B20, B20 + 500 ppm PrG, and B20+ 500 ppm BhA were used as fuel and the emitted gases were analyzed. The results of this work demonstrated that the addition of antioxidants has no significant effect on lowering CO emission, as well as lowering HC; but the addition of antioxidants results in more efficient reduction of NOx emission from diesel exhaust. In general, BhA showed better results compared to PrG.

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