Feasibility Study of Wing-In-Ground for Marine Rescue Operation

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaswar Koto ◽  
E. Prayetno
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Optimal Position ◽  
Great Circle Distance

This study aims to investigate performance of current rescue facilities and position based on statistic data of sea accident between 2010 and 2011 in Kepulauan Riau. Current rescue facilities are located at the latitude 0.93105 and longitude 104.44359. Using the statistic data, an optimal recue location and facilities in Kepulauan Riau are determine based on International Maritime Organization (IMO) standard. International Maritime Organization requirement, an emergency, passengers should be able to leave the ship with time 60 minutes. The optimal position and rescue facilities are determined using Great Circle Distance-Spherical Trigonometry and Statistical of Standard Error methods. In this study, simulation code is developed using visual basic 2010 language. Results of simulation show current rescue facility requires a lot of time to reach the accident location which is up to 12.5 hours. In order to meet IMO requirement, this study proposes wing in ground for rescue operation. Using current rescue location, wing in ground also does not meet the IMO standard which is up to 3.04 hours. Additional, this study divides the Kepulauan Riau into two regions of rescue operation. The optimal for rescue facilities of region 1, at the latitude 0.74568 and longitude 104.36256, and based on the distribution of the accidents in Kepulauan Riau 2010-2011, current rescue facility required up to 5.6 hours to reach the accident area, while the wing in ground facilities required up to 1.3 hours. The optimal for rescue facilities of region 2, at the latitude 3.00338 and longitude 107.79373, current rescue facility required up to 5 hours to reach the accident area, while the wing in ground facilities required shorter time that is up to 1.2 hour.

Empirical Estimation of Shortest Route Length along U.S. Interstate Highways Based on Great Circle Distance

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110152
Author(s):  
Nawei Liu ◽  
Fei Xie ◽  
Zhenhong Lin ◽  
Mingzhou Jin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
State Level ◽  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
The State ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Interstate Highways ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
Route Length ◽  
Great Circle Distance

In this study, 98 regression models were specified for easily estimating shortest distances based on great circle distances along the U.S. interstate highways nationwide and for each of the continental 48 states. This allows transportation professionals to quickly generate distance, or even distance matrix, without expending significant efforts on complicated shortest path calculations. For simple usage by all professionals, all models are present in the simple linear regression form. Only one explanatory variable, the great circle distance, is considered to calculate the route distance. For each geographic scope (i.e., the national or one of the states), two different models were considered, with and without the intercept. Based on the adjusted R-squared, it was observed that models without intercepts generally have better fitness. All these models generally have good fitness with the linear regression relationship between the great circle distance and route distance. At the state level, significant variations in the slope coefficients between the state-level models were also observed. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of the effect of highway density on this variation was conducted.

scholarly journals Metode Azimuth Kiblat dan Rashdul Kiblat dalam Penentuan Arah Kiblat

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Ila Nurmila
Keyword(s):  
Great Circle ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
The Earth

This article examines the methods of determining the Qibla direction, namely the Qibla azimuth and Rashdul Qibla methods. In this research, the writer tries to describe and interpret the concept of Qibla direction and the concept of Qibla azimuth and Rasdul Qibla in astronomical formulations. The Qiblah problem is nothing but talking about the direction of praying exactly to the Kaaba in Mecca from a point where it is located one line in the great circle of the earth and is the closest distance between the point of place and the Kaaba. Given that every point on the Earth’s surface is on the surface of the Earth’s sphere, then the calculation uses spherical trigonometry. To know the Qibla direction correctly, it is necessary to do calculations and measurements. In calculating and measuring the Qibla direction, there are several methods, and the results are quite varied.

Remembering spherical trigonometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (547) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Conway ◽  
Alex Ryba
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Spherical Triangle ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Two Sides

Although high school textbooks from early in the 20th century show that spherical trigonometry was still widely taught then, today very few mathematicians have any familiarity with the subject. The first thing to understand is that all six parts of a spherical triangle are really angles — see Figure 1.This shows a spherical triangle ABC on a sphere centred at O. The typical side is a = BC is a great circle arc from to that lies in the plane OBC; its length is the angle subtended at O. Similarly, the typical angle between the two sides AB and AC is the angle between the planes OAB and OAC.

scholarly journals Aviation

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipankar Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Great Circle Distance ◽  
Passenger Load Factor ◽  
Global Energy Consumption

Aviation accounts for about 3% of the current global energy consumption of 15 terawatts (TW). The global annual growth of energy use in the aviation sector is likely to be around 2.15% and will exceed that in other transportation sectors, although land transport will continue to consume the largest amounts of fuel. Figure 1 displays the historical improvements in energy efficiency in the aviation sector. Fuel use is determined by both operational and technological factors. The former includes the passenger load factor, ground efficiencies, taxi procedures, take-off and landing paths and circuitry (actual distance traveled versus a great-circle distance), and changes in the mixture of old and new aircraft and propulsion systems with time. Technology factors, focusing on materials issues, are described in greater detail herein.

New Formulae for Combined Spherical Triangles

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-512
Author(s):  
Tsung-Hsuan Hsieh ◽  
Shengzheng Wang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Jiansen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Spherical Triangle ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
Calculation Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Spherical Triangles

Spherical trigonometry formulae are widely adopted to solve various navigation problems. However, these formulae only express the relationships between the sides and angles of a single spherical triangle. In fact, many problems may involve different types of spherical shapes. If we can develop the different formulae for specific spherical shapes, it will help us solve these problems directly. Thus, we propose two types of formulae for combined spherical triangles. The first set are the formulae of the divided spherical triangle, and the second set are the formulae of the spherical quadrilateral. By applying the formulae of the divided spherical triangle, waypoints on a great circle track can be obtained directly without finding the initial great circle course angle in advance. By applying the formulae of the spherical quadrilateral, the astronomical vessel position can be yielded directly from two celestial bodies, and the calculation process concept is easier to comprehend. The formulae we propose can not only be directly used to solve corresponding problems, but also expand the spherical trigonometry research field.

scholarly journals An Axiom of True Courses Calculation in Great Circle Navigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Mate Baric ◽  
David Brčić ◽  
Mate Kosor ◽  
Roko Jelic
Keyword(s):  
Trigonometric Function ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Vector Algebra ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Essential Knowledge

Based on traditional expressions and spherical trigonometry, at present, great circle navigation is undertaken using various navigational software packages. Recent research has mainly focused on vector algebra. These problems are calculated numerically and are thus suited to computer-aided great circle navigation. However, essential knowledge requires the navigator to be able to calculate navigation parameters without the use of aids. This requirement is met using spherical trigonometry functions and the Napier wheel. In addition, to facilitate calculation, certain axioms have been developed to determine a vessel’s true course. These axioms can lead to misleading results due to the limitations of the trigonometric functions, mathematical errors, and the type of great circle navigation. The aim of this paper is to determine a reliable trigonometric function for calculating a vessel’s course in regular and composite great circle navigation, which can be used with the proposed axioms. This was achieved using analysis of the trigonometric functions, and assessment of their impact on the vessel’s calculated course and established axioms.

scholarly journals Simple Single and Multi-Facility Location Models using Great Circle Distance

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
A Baskar
Keyword(s):  
Facility Location ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Location Problems ◽  
Optimal Point ◽  
Facility Location Problems ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Facility Location Models ◽  
Great Circle Distance

Facility location problems (FLP) are widely studied in operations research and supply chain domains. The most common metric used in such problems is the distance between two points, generally Euclidean distance (ED). When points/ locations on the earth surface are considered, ED may not be the appropriate distance metric to analyse with. Hence, while modelling a facility location on the earth, great circle distance (GCD) is preferable for computing optimal location(s). The different demand points may be assigned with different weights based on the importance and requirements. Weiszfeld’s algorithm is employed to locate such an optimal point(s) iteratively. The point is generally termed as “Geometric Median”. This paper presents simple models combining GCD, weights and demand points. The algorithm is demonstrated with a single and multi-facility location problems.

scholarly journals Reconstructing geographic range-size dynamics from fossil data

Paleobiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. F. Darroch ◽  
Erin E. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Great Circle Distance

AbstractEcologists and paleontologists alike are increasingly using the fossil record as a spatial data set, in particular to study the dynamics and distribution of geographic range sizes among fossil taxa. However, no attempts have been made to establish how accurately range sizes and range-size dynamics can be preserved. Two fundamental questions are: Can common paleo range-size reconstruction methods accurately reproduce known species’ ranges from locality (i.e., point) data? And, are some reconstruction methods more reliable than others? Here, we develop a methodological framework for testing the accuracy of commonly used paleo range-size reconstruction methods (maximum latitudinal range, maximum great-circle distance, convex hull, and alpha convex hull) in different extinction-related biogeographic scenarios. We use the current distribution of surface water bodies as a proxy for “preservable area,” in which to test the performance of the four methods. We find that maximum great-circle distance and convex-hull methods most reliably capture changes in range size at low numbers of fossil sites, whereas convex hull performs best at predicting the distribution of “victims” and “survivors” in hypothetical extinction scenarios. Our results suggest that macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns in the relatively recent past can be studied reliably using only a few fossil occurrence sites. The accuracy of range-size reconstruction undoubtedly changes through time with the distribution and area of fossiliferous sediments; however, our approach provides the opportunity to systematically calibrate the quality of the spatial fossil record in specific environments and time intervals, and to delineate the conditions under which paleobiologists can reconstruct paleobiogeographical, macroecological, and macroevolutionary patterns over critical intervals in Earth history.

scholarly journals Do Nearctic Northern Wheatears (Oenanthe Oenanthe Leucorhoa) Migrate Nonstop to Africa?

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Thorup ◽  
Kasper Thorup ◽  
Troels Eske Ortvad ◽  
JØrgen RabØl
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Wintering Grounds ◽  
Oenanthe Oenanthe ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Flight Costs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Direct Flight ◽  
Great Circle Distance

Abstract We present data suggesting that Northern Wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa) breeding in West Greenland and Canada may be able to accomplish migration to their wintering grounds in West Africa in one direct, transatlantic crossing of more than 4000 km (great circle distance). This conclusion is based on analyses of wing lengths, body weights, and timing of departure from West Greenland and arrival on an island 350 km off the coast of Morocco. Previously, it has been suggested that Nearctic wheatears migrate to Africa by a two-step journey, the first leg comprising a shorter transatlantic crossing to western Europe. A long, direct flight has previously been considered unfeasible as the predicted flight costs were considered to be too high. However, recent insights in aerodynamic theory make these long ocean crossings appear more feasible, especially when taking the use of tailwinds into account.

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