Effect of Coolant Temperature on Progressive Freeze Concentration of Refined, Bleached and Deodorised Palm Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazura Jusoh ◽  
Norshafika Yahya ◽  
Farah Hanim Ab. Hamid ◽  
Nor Zanariah Safiei
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
K Value ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Conventional Fractionation ◽  
Slip Melting Point ◽  
Unit Operations

This study focused on the possibility of separating refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) into olein and stearin by using progressive freeze concentration (PFC) as an alternative method to replace the conventional fractionation process. PFC has the potential to be a more effective technique for olein-stearin separation, with minimal changes in the product’s quality for producing high quality edible oil. Apart from that, it requires fewer unit operations compared to conventional methods. In this research, the parameter of coolant temperature was selected to investigate the performance of PFC using stainless steel crystallizer. In order to determine the system efficiency, effective partition constant (K) was investigated, while the quality of the oil was evaluated by iodine value (IV), slip melting point (SMP) and the percentage of olein yield. From the results, all the determinant parameters were found to be optimum at the coolant temperature of 28°C. At this optimum point, K value, IV, SMP and olein yield were found to be 0.2715, 55.84 wijs, 23.10°C and 67.8537%, respectively.

Effect of Coolant Temperature on Progressive Freeze Concentration of Refined, Bleached and Deodorised Palm Oil based on Process Efficiency and Heat Transfer

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norshafika Yahya ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Noorhalieza Ali ◽  
Mazura Jusoh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Conventional Fractionation ◽  
Heat Transfer Efficiency

In this paper, raw material of refined bleached and deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) was separated into olein and stearin by applying progressive freeze concentration (PFC) as an alternative method to replace the conventional fractionation process using coil crystallizer. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was analyzed from the process by varying different coolant temperature values since both of them are closely related each other. In this case, heat transfer efficiency depends strongly on crystal of stearin formed on the inner wall of cooled surface and is explained theoretically from that angle.  At optimum flowrate, operation time and initial iodine value (IV), the best results were observed at 28ºC of coolant temperature where high IV of olein and effective partition constant (K) obtained were 55.8 wijs and 0.27 respectively. Meanwhile, the highest U obtained at coolant temperature 28oC same as result for process efficiency at 392.9183 W/m².K and time at 55 min.

Effect of Flowrate and Circulation Time on Fractionation of Refined Bleached and Deodorised Palm Oil using Progressive Freeze Concentration Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazura Jusoh ◽  
Norshafika Yahya ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Dry Fractionation ◽  
Steel Coil ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Slip Melting Point ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Stainless Steel Coil

This research concerns on the possibility of separating refined, bleached and deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) into olein and stearin using another alternative through Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) to replace the conventional process of dry fractionation. The process was carried out in stainless steel coil crystalliser and the quality of olein and stearin and the performance of crystalliser to purify the olein were analysed. The quality of oil was evaluated through iodine value (IV) and Slip Melting Point (SMP), while for the performance of PFC, effective partition constant, K, and yield of olein were used to determine the system efficiency. The purified olein were obtained for IV and SMP at higher flowrate (2800 mL/min) and longer period of time (60 min) are 55.87wijs and 23.04°C, 55.89wijs and 23.08°C, respectively. Meanwhile, the best K and yield of olein were obtained at higher flowrate and time, giving values of 0.2369, 67.99% and 0.238 and 67.93%, respectively.

Progressive Freeze Concentration of Coconut Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazura Jusoh ◽  
Noor Naimah Mohamed Nor ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
K Value ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Block ◽  
Nutritional Compounds

In order to provide convenience for consumers around the world, it is highly beneficial if the nutritious coconut water (CW) could be concentrated and just easily be added with water for later consumption. A new concentration technique is required to eliminate some parts of the water from the CW while retaining its nutritious and unique aroma. As Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) could retain the nutritional compounds, it was applied to concentrate CW and reduce its volume. In PFC system, only a single block of ice is formed as a layer on the cooled surface. A coil stainless steel crystallizer was used as FC unit to investigate the enhancement of sugar content in CW. The effect of initial concentration of CW was then investigated on the performance of the PFC system through the Effective Partition Constant (K) value and increment of sugar content. It was found that low initial concentration and intermediate coolant temperature yielded lower K value and high increment of sugar content. The best K achieved was 0.3101 and the highest increment of sugar content was 53% at initial concentration of 3 %Brix and coolant temperature of 12°C.

Progressive Freeze Concentration for Wastewater Treatment from Food Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab Hamid ◽  
Siti Nurajjar Jami
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
K Value ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Crystal Block

Crystallization technique is one of the potential techniques to deal with wastewater treatment. In this work, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) technique was studied for its effectiveness in wastewater treatment from food industry. In PFC, pure water is produced in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature and stirring speed on the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y) were investigated. Glucose solution was used as simulated wastewater sample. The best conditions were found at the moderate coolant temperature of -10°C and maximum stirring speed of 500 rpm, resulted in the lowest K value and highest Y, lead to the highest efficiency on the wastewater treatment.

Antioxidant Recovery from Pomegranate Peel Waste by Integrating Maceration and Freeze Concentration Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafirah Samsuri ◽  
Tan Hong Li ◽  
Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan Ruslan ◽  
Nurul Aini Amran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

AbstractPomegranate peel, a by-product of pomegranate fruit is rich in antioxidants. It is being used as an animal feed or discarded to the environment, which could cause an environmental problem. A new integrated process of maceration and freeze concentration was studied to recover the antioxidants from the pomegranate peel. The low temperature used in the freeze concentration assists in concentrating a high quality of antioxidants. The concentrated peel solution was tested for an antioxidant activity via 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. It was found that methanol gave the best extraction of antioxidants from pomegranate peel. The highest antioxidant recovery with DPPH radical scavenging of 96.14 % was obtained at −16 °C of coolant temperature and 30 min of freezing time (p < 0.05). The integrated process has proven to be an effective method to recover the antioxidants from pomegranate peel and can be applied to recover other bioactive compounds.

DAYA SAING EKSPOR PRODUK CPO INDONESIA DAN POTENSI HILIRISASI DIOLAH MENJADI BIODIESEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danar Agus Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Global Market ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Domestic Use

ABSTRACTIndonesia is the world's largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO). Even so, the trend of international trade in Indonesian CPO products has decreased in the last 10 years with a value of -10.19%. The decline in world demand for CPO can be dealt with by utilizing CPO as a biofuel for domestic use, like biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO in global trade and determine the parameters of the quality requirements of CPO and biodiesel. The competitiveness analysis method uses the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method, while the analysis of the potential quality of CPO as a biofuel is carried out by analyzing the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). CPO trade in the global market is controlled by Indonesia with a market share of 50% and Malaysia 25.6%, with the declining trade trend in the last 10 years relatively (2010-2019) of -6.91%. The level of competitiveness of Indonesian CPO products in 2019 is very strong, but on average in the last 10 years, the level of competitiveness of Indonesian CPO is no better than that of Malaysia. Indonesia has SNI 01-2901-2006 and SNI 7182: 2015 as a determinant of the quality of CPO and biodiesel products developed in Indonesia so that the CPO and biodiesel produced fullfil sacurity and safety aspects when used by consumers.Keywords: crude palm oil (CPO), competitivenessv, quality, Indonesian National Standard (SNI) ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan negara produsen minyak kelapa sawit mentah/ Crude Palm Oil (CPO) terbesar di dunia. Meskipun demikian, tren perdagangan internasional produk CPO Indonesia mengalami penurunan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir dengan nilai -10,19%. Penurunan permintaan dunia terhadap CPO, dapat disiasati dengan memanfaatkan CPO sebagai bahan bakar nabati untuk keperluan dalam negeri sebagai biodiesel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui daya saing CPO Indonesia dalam perdagangan global dan mengetahui parameter persyaratan mutu CPO dan biodiesel. Metode analisis daya saing menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), sedangkan analisis potensi kualitas CPO sebagai biofuel dilakukan dengan menganalisis Standar Nasional Indoensia (SNI). Perdagangan CPO dalam pasar global dikuasai oleh Indonesia dengan pangsa pasar 50% dan Malaysia 25,6%, dengan tren perdagangan relatif menurun dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2010-2019) sebesar -6,91%. Tingkat daya saing produk CPO Indonesia pada tahun 2019 sangat kuat, namun secara rata-rata dalam 10 tahun terakhir, tingkat daya saing CPO Indonesia tidak lebih baik dari Malaysia. Indonesia memiliki SNI 01-2901-2006 dan SNI 7182:2015 sebagai penentu kualitas produk CPO dan biodiesel yang dikembangkan di Indonesia, sehingga CPO dan biodiesel yang dihasilkan memenuhi aspek keamanan dan keselamatan ketika digunakan oleh konsumen.Kata kunci: crude palm oil (CPO), daya saing, kualitas, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI)

scholarly journals Comparative environmental impact evaluation using life cycle assessment approach: a case study of integrated membrane-filtration system for the treatment of aerobically-digested palm oil mill effluent

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeit Haan Teow ◽  
Meng Teck Chong ◽  
Kah Chun Ho ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Aerobically Digested

AbstractAiming to mitigate wastewater pollution arising from the palm oil industry, this university-industry research-and-development project focused on the integration of serial treatment processes, including the use of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), pre-treatment with sand filters and activated carbon filters, and membrane technology for aerobically-digested palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. To assess the potential of this sustainable alternative practice in the industry, the developed technology was demonstrated in a pilot-scale facility: four combinations (Combinations I to IV) of unit operations were developed in an integrated membrane-filtration system. Combination I includes a MBBR, pre-treatment unit comprising sand filters and activated carbon filters, ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, while Combination II excludes MBBR, Combination III excludes UF membrane, and Combination IV excludes both MBBR and UF membrane. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate potential environmental impacts arising from each combination while achieving the goal of obtaining recycled and reusable water from the aerobically-digested POME treatment. It is reported that electricity consumption is the predominant factor contributing to most of those categories (50–77%) as the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, and volatile mercury during the combustion of fossil fuels. Combination I in the integrated membrane-filtration system with all unit operations incurring high electricity consumption (52 MJ) contributed to the greatest environmental impact. Electricity consumption registers the highest impact towards all life cycle impact categories: 73% on climate change, 80% on terrestrial acidification, 51% on eutrophication, and 43% on human toxicity. Conversely, Combination IV is the most environmentally-friendly process, since it involves only two-unit operations – pre-treatment unit (comprising sand filters and activated carbon filters) and RO membrane unit – and thus incurs the least electricity consumption (41.6 MJ). The LCA offers insights into each combination of the operating process and facilitates both researchers and the industry towards sustainable production.

PERCEPATAN PENGOMPOSAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN PEMBERIAN UREA (Acceleration Composting Empty Fruit Bunches (Efb) With The Application Of Urea)

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Journal Journal
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Compost Application ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total P

                                                                                                                                   ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang memegang peranan penting dalam industri pangan. Luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2014 mencapai 10 juta Ha. Pertumbuhan yang pesat diikuti dengan produksi crude palm oil (CPO) dan palm karnel oil (PKO) yang juga meningkat, sekaligus produk sampingan berupa limbah. Salah satu limbah pabrik kelapa sawit yang jumlahnya besar adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan limbah organik yang berpotensi dimanfaatkan dibidang pertanian. Akan tetapi, TKKS memiliki nilai C/N yang cukup tinggi, akibatnya sukar dan lama untuk terdekomposisi. Salah satu cara pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan dilakukan pengomposan dengan pengkayaan urea. Diharapkan dengan perlakuan tersebut TKKS akan cepat terdekomposisi dan dapat segera dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui pengaruh pemberian urea terhadap pengomposan TKKS dan (2) mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan dosis urea terhadap kualitas kompos TKKS. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal dengan 5 perlakuan, yaitu U1 (urea 0 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U2 (urea 30,9 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U3 (urea 79,3 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U4 (urea 176,1 g setara dengan nilai C/N=) dan U5 (urea 466,3 g setara dengan C/N = ) dan 9 ulangan, sehingga diperoleh 45 satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian urea berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap susut bobot, kadar air, nilai pH kompos, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia, dan nilai C/N, selain itu pemberian urea mengakibatkan terjadi perubahan tekstur dan warna pada kompos TKKS. Pemberian dosis urea 466,3 g mampu meningkatkan kandungan N-total, serta menurunkan nilai C/N dan nilai pH kompos. Pemberian dosis urea 79,3 g atau setara dengan C/N = mampu meningkatkan kandungan P-tersedia dan kadar air, menurunkan susut bobot dan kandungan C-organik, serta menunjukan perubahan tekstur dan warna yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: tanda kosongkelapa sawit (TKSS), kompos, urea                                                                                                                                        ABSTRACT Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a solid wastes produced in large quantity from palm oil industry. Empty fruit bunches can be used as compost material, additionally difficult to decompose because it contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as value of ratio C/N is high. Use EFB as compost material through the provision of urea has been done in this research. Urea are expected to reduce the value of ratio C/N and became a starter for microbial decomposers. The purpose of this research were (1) to determine the effect of urea on composting of EFB and (2) to determine the effect of increasing doses of urea to the quality of compost of EFB. This research was used a single factor of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely U1 (urea 0 g), U2 (urea 30,9 g), U3 (urea 79,3 g), U4 (urea 176,1 g), and U5 (urea 466,3 g), and 9 replications, until result 45 experimental units. The result showed that urea significant effect on weight loss, water content, value of pH compost, C-organic, N-total, P-available, and value of ratio C/N, besides urea resulted Widodoe, K. dkk Percepatan Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit…..…. 114 in a change in texture and color on the compost EFB. Application of urea 466,3 g was able to increase the content of N-total, reduce the value of ratio C/N and the value of pH compost. Application of urea 79,3 g can improve the content of P-available and water content, reduce the weight loss and the content of C-organic, and showed the changes in texture and color as better. Keywords: empty fruit bunches, compost, urea

Data normalization for training and analysis of the MaskRCNN model using the k-means method for computer vision of smart refrigerator

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
M. G. Dorrer ◽  
◽  
A.E. Alekhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Training Sample ◽  
Artificial Vision ◽  
K Value ◽  
High K ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Segmentation Problem

This paper proposes using the k-means method for the controlled adjustment of the training sample for semantic image segmentation in the artificial vision of a smart refrigerator. To solve this problem, a new two-stage architecture for computer vision is proposed. In the proposed architecture, various sets of settings for optimizing the contrast of images are used to classify pixels according to their belonging to fragments of the studied image. Extensive experimental evaluation shows that the proposed method has critical advantages over existing work. Firstly, the obtained pixel classes can be directly clustered into semantic groups using k-means. Secondly, the method can be used for additional training of artificial intelligence in solving the semantic segmentation problem. The developers propose an approach to the correct choice of the number k of centroids to obtain good quality clusters, which is difficult to determine at a high k value. To overcome the problem of initializing the k-means method, an incremental k-means clustering method is proposed, which improves the quality of clusters to reduce the sum of squared errors. Comprehensive experiments have been carried out compared to the traditional k-means algorithm and its new versions to evaluate the performance of the proposed method on synthetically generated datasets and some real-world datasets.

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