Human‐infecting influenza A (H9N2) virus: A forgotten potential pandemic strain?

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Song ◽  
Kun Qin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Pandemic Strain

scholarly journals Characterization of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MASE ◽  
M. ETO ◽  
K. IMAI ◽  
K. TSUKAMOTO ◽  
S. YAMAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Potential Sources

We characterized eleven H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported from China. Genetically they were classified into six distinct genotypes, including five already known genotypes and one novel genotype. This suggested that such multiple genotypes of the H9N2 virus have possibly already become widespread and endemic in China. Two isolates have amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to amantadine in the M2 region, and this supported the evidence that this mutation might be a result of the wide application of amantadine for avian influenza treatment in China. These findings emphasize the importance of surveillance for avian influenza virus in this region, and of quarantining imported chicken products as potential sources for the introduction of influenza virus.

scholarly journals First report of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus in Oman: The need for a One Health approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zayid K. Almayahi ◽  
Hanan Al Kindi ◽  
C. Todd Davies ◽  
Bader Al-Rawahi ◽  
Amina Al-Jardani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
One Health ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
First Report

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a young child infected with avian influenza A (H9N2) virus in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 3462-3467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Yelan Li ◽  
Xixing Zhang ◽  
Shuilian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Large City ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Central South ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

Three cases of the avian influenza A (H9N2) virus have been documented in Changsha, which is a large city that has nine districts and a population of 7.04 million in central South China. Among these patients, one was a girl and two were boys. The ages of the patients were 9 months, 2 years, and 15 years. Two cases of H9N2 were detected in September, 2015 and one was detected in 2017. Two patients were children who had not reached the age for kindergarten and one was a student. These three cases were all mild and were detected in a sentinel hospital of the Chinese Influenza Surveillance System. We describe the clinical and epidemiological features of the youngest patient with H9N2 in 2017 and the surveillance results of the H9N2 virus in live poultry markets in Changsha. From January 2014 to December 2017, 4212 samples were collected in live poultry markets in Changsha, among which 25.81% (1087/4212) were H9N2-positive. Public health concerns should be addressed for emerging H9N2 virus infection, and more strategies should be performed before this virus mutates to be more transmissible and highly pathogenic.

Human infection with an avian influenza A/H9N2 virus in Guangdong in 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runyu Yuan ◽  
Lijun Liang ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Yinfeng Kang ◽  
Yingchao Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
H9n2 Virus

Molecular immunophenotyping of lungs in naïve and vaccinated chickens early after pulmonary avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 128 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Winfried G.J. Degen ◽  
Jacqueline Smith ◽  
Bartjan Simmelink ◽  
Elizabeth J. Glass ◽  
Dave W. Burt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus

scholarly journals Identification of a novel strain of influenza A (H9N2) virus in chicken

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Zheng Ruan ◽  
Yun Wan ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Si-Hua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus

scholarly journals Effectiveness of an Adjuvanted Monovalent Vaccine Against the 2009 Pandemic Strain of Influenza A(H1N1)v in Stockholm County, Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1203-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ortqvist ◽  
I. Berggren ◽  
M. Insulander ◽  
B. de Jong ◽  
B. Svenungsson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Stockholm County ◽  
Pandemic Strain ◽  
Monovalent Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

scholarly journals Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Virus, Cambodia, February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742-2745
Author(s):  
Samnang Um ◽  
Jurre Y. Siegers ◽  
Borann Sar ◽  
Savuth Chin ◽  
Sarika Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
H9n2 Virus

scholarly journals Development of a Rapid Fluorescent Diagnostic System to Detect Subtype H9 Influenza A Virus in Chicken Feces

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8823
Author(s):  
Hien Thi Tuong ◽  
Ju Hwan Jeong ◽  
Young-Ki Choi ◽  
Hyun Park ◽  
Yun Hee Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Linear Epitope ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Feces Sample

The circulation of the H9N2 virus results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry, and its zoonotic transmission highlights the need for a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic and detection system for this virus. In this study, the performance of lateral flow test strips for a fluorescent immunochromatographic test (FICT) was optimized for the diagnosis of H9N2 virus-infected animal samples. The novel monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against influenza A H9 viruses were developed, and two categories of McAbs with linear and conformational epitopes were compared for the performance of rapid diagnostic performance in the presence of feces sample at different time points (2, 4, and 6 days) post-infection (dpi). The limit of detection (LOD) of FICT and Kd values were comparable between linear and conformational epitope McAbs. However, superior performance of linear epitope McAbs pairs were confirmed by two animal studies, showing the better diagnostic performance showing 100% relative sensitivity in fecal samples at 6 dpi although it showed less than 80% sensitivity in early infection. Our results imply that the comparable performance of the linear epitope McAbs can potentially improve the diagnostic performance of FICT for H9N2 detection in feces samples. This highly sensitive rapid diagnostic method can be utilized in field studies of broiler poultry and wild birds.

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