scholarly journals Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU

2014 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Hartung ◽  
Joachim Schiemann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Alexander Gocht ◽  
Nicola Consmüller ◽  
Ferike Thom ◽  
Harald Grethe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Eu

Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.

scholarly journals Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5585
Author(s):  
Sajid Fiaz ◽  
Sunny Ahmar ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
Aamir Riaz ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Breeding Techniques

A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.

Genome Editing in Plant Breeding

2018 ◽  
pp. 605-644
Author(s):  
D. R. Mehta ◽  
A. K. Nandha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing

scholarly journals Using of Genome Editing Methods in Plant Breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venera S. Kamburova ◽  
Ilkhom B. Salakhutdinov ◽  
Shukhrat E. Shermatov ◽  
Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
New Crop

The main task of plant breeding is creating of high-yield, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses crop varieties with high product quality. The using of traditional breeding methods is limited by the duration of the new crop varieties creation with the required agronomic traits. This depends not only on the duration of growing season and reaching of mature stage of plants (especially the long-period growth plants, e.g. trees), as well as is associated with applying of multiple stages of crossing, selection and testing in breeding process. In addition, conventional methods of chemical and physical mutagenesis do not allow targeting effect to genome. However, the introduction of modern DNA-technology methods, such as genome editing, has opened in a new era in plant breeding. These methods allow to carry out precise and efficient targeted genome modifications, significantly reducing the time required to get plants with desirable features to create new crop varieties in perspective. This review provides the knowledge about application of genome editing methods to increase crop yields and product quality, as well as crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, future prospects for integrating these technologies into crop breeding strategies are also discussed.

CRISPR-Cas9 and Food in the European Union: An Organic Solution to an Undetectable Problem for Food Business Operators

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shane Michael Hughes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Solution ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Various methods of genetic modification have been applied to plant breeding as an integral part of agriculture. This article examines a method of targeted mutagenesis – CRISPR-Cas9 – and its dysregulation in the European Union (EU). It provides clarity for food business operators relating to the traceability and labelling of food products induced using this biotechnology. In addition, it outlines policy recommendations to improve the regulation of such food products in the EU.

Concepts of Molecular Plant Breeding and Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Targeted Gene Editing ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Traditional plant breeding depends on spontaneous and induced mutations available in the crop plants. Such mutations are rare and occur randomly. By contrast, molecular breeding and genome editing are advanced breeding techniques that can enhance the selection process and produce precisely targeted modifications in any crop. Identification of molecular markers, based on SSRs and SNPs, and the availability of high-throughput (HTP) genotyping platforms have accelerated the process of generating dense genetic linkage maps and thereby enhanced application of marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Advanced molecular biology techniques that facilitate precise, efficient, and targeted modifications at genomic loci are termed as “genome editing.” The genome editing tools include “zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs),” “transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),” oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), and “clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPER/Cas) system,” which can be used for targeted gene editing. Concepts of molecular plant breeding and genome editing systems are presented in this chapter.

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