Inflated Kumaraswamy regressions with application to water supply and sanitation in Brazil

Проведенный анализ современных нормативноправовых документов и практики оценки физического износа структурно сложных объектов водопроводноканализационного хозяйства показал, что современные методы оценки не учитывают особенности этих объектов. Выявлены факторы, влияющие на структуру показателей оценки физического износа по основным группам и элементам объектов водопроводноканализационного хозяйства. На их основе разработан алгоритм оценки физического износа объектов с применением рискориентированного подхода для трех уровней: объект, технологические элементы объекта (сооружения), функциональные элементы в составе сооружений (здания, оборудование). Использование алгоритма позволяет разработать рекомендации по корректировке периодичности и частоте проведения мониторинга показателей уровня физического износа объектов централизованных систем водоснабжения и водоотведения и их элементов. Практическое применение разработанного алгоритма будет способствовать внедрению современных подходов по управлению рисками, связанными с уровнем физического износа и оценкой вероятности потенциальных негативных последствий природного, антропогенного и другого характера. Внедрение алгоритма позволит также устанавливать уязвимые области и проводить предупредительные мероприятия в отношении возникновения угрозы нарушения обязательных требований, в том числе меры по снижению рисков (техникотехнологическое обновление зданий, сооружений, оборудования). Это необходимо для объективного и обоснованного планирования капитального ремонта, восстановления и развития объектов водопроводноканализационного хозяйства и их элементов.The paper analyzes current regulatory documents and experience in the field of assessing the deterioration of structurally complex water supply and sanitation facilities. The paper shows that modern assessment procedures do not take into account any features of such objects. The paper identifies factors that affect the indicator framework for assessing the physical deterioration of the main groups and components of water supply and sanitation facilities. Based on these factors, the paper proposes an algorithm for assessing the physical deterioration of facilities using a riskoriented approach for three levels: an object itself, its engineering components (facilities), and their functional elements (buildings, equipment). The paper indicates that the use of the algorithm would provide for developing recommendations for adjusting the frequency of monitoring indicators of the physical deterioration level of facilities of public water supply and sanitation systems and their elements. The implementation of the developed algorithm would contribute to the successful introduction of advanced approaches to managing risks associated with the level of physical deterioration and assessing the probability of potential negative consequences of natural, anthropogenic, and other origins. The introduction of the algorithm would also allow identifying vulnerable areas and taking preventive measures against the threat of violation of mandatory requirements including measures for reducing risks (technical and engineering renovation of buildings, facilities, equipment). This is required for objective and substantiated planning of overhaul, restoration, and development of water supply and sanitation facilities and their components.

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Water supply and sanitation planning model: a management tool for large Brazilian cities

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0140 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (1-2) ◽

pp. 469-476

Author(s):

S.R.A. Soares ◽

R.S. Bernardes

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Low Income ◽

Management Tool ◽

Urban Water ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Modeling Approach ◽

Developing Cities ◽

Starting Point ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Water Supply And Sanitation

The sanitary problems promoted by the rapid urbanization process in developing cities are usually resulted from the absence of planning, high population concentration and inadequate water and wastewater infrastructure for low income people. Because the provision and planning of water supply and is a complex task, a modeling approach was used to enhance the understanding of the process and the aspects involved. In the development of a model, not only the technical aspects were taken into account, but other aspects related to the provision of drinking water and the water resources protection were also analyzed, such as institutional, financial, socioeconomic, environmental and public health. In the modeling process two different methods of conceptualization were used to describe the urban water flow through the water and wastewater systems linked to various aspects related to their implementation in large developing cities. The urban water systems of five large metropolitan areas in Brazil were also evaluated for the complete model. It is expected that the modeling approach developed in this paper consists of a valuable methodology for water supply and sanitation planning in Brazilian cities, and other developing cities with the same characteristics. The suggested conceptual model could, at least, provide more than a starting point for a useful urban water management tool.

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Community-based Research and Development (R&D) patterns in the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) sector

2009 Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy ◽

10.1109/acsip.2009.5367829 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

P. Catalan

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Water Supply ◽

Community Based ◽

Community Based Research ◽

Water Supply And Sanitation

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Prevalence and clustering of diarrhoea within households in India: some evidence from NFHS-4, 2015–16

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932020000073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 108-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bevin Vijayan ◽

Mala Ramanathan

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Household Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Under Five ◽

Safe Water ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Water Supply And Sanitation

AbstractDiarrhoeal disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children and is usually measured at individual level. Shared household attributes, such as improved water supply and sanitation, expose those living in the same household to these same risk factors for diarrhoea. The occurrence of diarrhoea in two or more children in the same household is termed ‘diarrhoea clustering’. The aim of this study was to examine the role of improved water supply and sanitation in the occurrence of diarrhoea, and the clustering of diarrhoea in households, among under-five children in India. Data were taken from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4), a nationally representative survey which interviewed 699,686 women from 601,509 households in the country. If any child was reported to have diarrhoea in a household in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, the household was designated a diarrhoeal household. Household clustering of diarrhoea was defined the occurrence of diarrhoea in more than one child in households with two or more children. The analysis was done at the household level separately for diarrhoeal households and clustering of diarrhoea in households. The presence of clustering was tested using a chi-squared test. The overall prevalences of diarrhoea and clustering of diarrhoea were examined using exogenous variables. Odds ratios, standardized to allow comparison across categories, were computed. The household prevalence of diarrhoea was 12% and that of clustering of diarrhoea was 2.4%. About 6.5% of households contributed 12.6% of the total diarrhoeal cases. Access to safe water and sanitation was shown to have a great impact on reducing diarrhoeal prevalence and clustering across different household groups. Safe water alone had a greater impact on reducing the prevalence in the absence of improved sanitation when compared with the presence of improved sanitation. It may be possible to reduce the prevalence of diarrhoea in households by targeting those households with more than one child in the under-five age group with the provision of safe water and improved sanitation.

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