Racial Discrimination and Statistical Discrimination: MLB Rookie Card Values and Performance Uncertainty

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1455
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Burge ◽  
Arthur Zillante
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

scholarly journals Sociological Perspectives on Racial Discrimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario L. Small ◽  
Devah Pager
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Institutional Discrimination ◽  
Interpersonal Discrimination

As in economics, racial discrimination has long been a focus of research in sociology. Yet the disciplines traditionally have differed in how they approach the topic. While some studies in recent years show signs of cross-disciplinary influence, exposing more economists to sociological perspectives on racial discrimination would benefit both fields. We offer six propositions from the sociology of racial discrimination that we believe economists should note. We argue that independent of taste and statistical discrimination, economists should study institutional discrimination; that institutional discrimination can take at least two forms, organizational and legal; that in both forms the decisions of a contemporary actor to discriminate can be immaterial; that institutional discrimination is a vehicle through which past discrimination has contemporary consequences; that minor forms of everyday interpersonal discrimination can be highly consequential; and that whether actors perceive they have experienced discrimination deserves attention in its own right.

Effect of Alliance Network Asymmetry on Firm Performance and Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-94
Author(s):  
Anindita Chakravarty ◽  
Chen Zhou ◽  
Ashish Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Partner Selection ◽  
New Product ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Alliance Performance ◽  
Alliance Network ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

Persistent high failure rates of new product alliances call for identification of factors that might improve alliance outcomes. In this research, the authors identify two attributes of alliance network asymmetry that affect alliance performance and performance uncertainty: differences in the number of prealliance direct ties, which can create asymmetry in the volume of resources of the two firms, and differences in the interconnectivity among prealliance indirect ties, which leads the firms to possess different types of resources. The authors theorize that absolute levels of such asymmetries have curvilinear effects on alliance performance and performance uncertainty, which materialize as a focal firm’s abnormal returns and risk, respectively. They demonstrate that direct tie asymmetry has an inverted U-shaped effect on the focal firm’s abnormal returns and a U-shaped effect on its risk. Indirect tie asymmetry also has a U-shaped effect on the focal firm’s risk. However, the focal firm’s innovation quality and preexisting ties with its partner flatten these curvilinear effects. The findings have implications for partner selection in new product alliances.

The Effects of Perceived Role, Career, Goal, and Performance Uncertainty on Employee Performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-205
Author(s):  
Kurtuluş Kaymaz
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Contextual Performance ◽  
Career Goal ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Fit Index ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

The aim of this chapter is to determine the effects of perceived role, career, goal, and performance uncertainty on employee task and contextual performance. The research model was constructed around four independent variables (role, career, goal, and performance uncertainty) and two dependent variables (task and contextual performance). Cronbach alphas for each survey were over 0.85. To determine the validity level of the surveys, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and found that all surveys are between acceptable limits of goodness of fit index. Two hundred thirty-nine employees responded to the surveys. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to create indices for uncertainty perception. PCA shows that the employees included in the study generally were in role, goal, career, and performance uncertainty. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant effect of role and goal uncertainty on employee task performance. The other main result is that there is a statistically significant effect of role and performance uncertainty on the employees' contextual performance.

Questioning the General Self-Esteem Vaccine: General Self-Esteem, Racial Discrimination, and Standardised Achievement Across Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Students

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gawaian H. Bodkin-Andrews ◽  
Marjorie Seaton ◽  
Genevieve F. Nelson ◽  
Rhonda G. Craven ◽  
Alexander S. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Indigenous Australian ◽  
Indigenous Students ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
And Performance

AbstractPsychological research and the popular media culture have repeatedly noted that self-esteem positively contributes to life satisfaction and performance indicators across a large variety of domains. However, while varying measures of self-esteem may be argued to have a positive influence on outcome measures, increasing evidence suggests that perceptions of racial discrimination may also have a negative impact across a wide variety of outcomes. The current investigation used structural equation modelling techniques to examine the potential impact of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian students' General Self-Esteem and their perceptions of racial discrimination on spelling and maths achievement. Results indicated that General Self-Esteem displayed little or no significant relations with the performance measures, yet perceived racial discrimination significantly and negatively predicted both spelling and maths achievement for the Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. In addition, no significant latent interaction between General Self-Esteem and perceived discrimination was identified, raising questions for the self-protective properties of General Self-Esteem, at least for achievement outcomes.

Regret and performance uncertainty in consumer repeat choice

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Jianmin Jia
Keyword(s):  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

scholarly journals Design of H∞Control and Simplified Instrument Fault Detection on DC Motor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lintang Erlangga ◽  
Bagas Budhi Permana ◽  
Ulynnuha Setiyadi ◽  
Samiadji Herdjunanto ◽  
Sujoko Sumaryono
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
External Disturbance ◽  
Parametric Uncertainty ◽  
Sensor Fault ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Structured Singular Value ◽  
Robust Control Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

In the presence of uncertainty, a closed-loop system must be able to maintain its stability and performance. Uncertainty can be categorized into two meanings, disturbance from external systems and perturbation in a dynamical system. In this paper, we will present a robust control design by considering a disturbance from external factors, and analyze its robustness using Structured Singular Value respect to parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. Beside that, every control system has their own region to operate, outside that region a performance degradation will occur, and led into unstability. One factor to that catastrophic is a fault in instrument reading, to anticipate it, this paper also implement Simplified Instrument Fault Detection method to detect a sensor fault in order to give an alarm for further action.

Evidence from Field Experiments in Hiring Shows Substantial Additional Racial Discrimination after the Callback

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 732-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Quillian ◽  
John J Lee ◽  
Mariana Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Hiring Discrimination ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
Job Offers

Abstract Field experiments using fictitious applications have become an increasingly important method for assessing hiring discrimination. Most field experiments of hiring, however, only observe whether the applicant receives an invitation to interview, called the “callback.” How adequate is our understanding of discrimination in the hiring process based on an assessment of discrimination in callbacks, when the ultimate subject of interest is discrimination in job offers? To address this question, we examine evidence from all available field experimental studies of racial or ethnic discrimination in hiring that go to the job offer outcome. Our sample includes 12 studies encompassing more than 13,000 job applications. We find considerable additional discrimination in hiring after the callback: majority applicants in our sample receive 53% more callbacks than comparable minority applicants, but majority applicants receive 145% more job offers than comparable minority applicants. The additional discrimination from interview to job offer is weakly correlated (r = 0.21) with the level of discrimination earlier in the hiring process. We discuss the implications of our results for theories of discrimination, including statistical discrimination.

scholarly journals The flourishing nature of labour brokerage in South Africa: An investigation into the role of employment and performance uncertainty

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Christie Schoeman ◽  
Derick Blaauw
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

The objective of this article is to investigate the rationale behind the thriving nature of labour brokerage in specific labour market environments in general and, in particular, the flourishing nature thereof in South Africa. The factors and structures underlying labour brokerage are more complex than are generally assumed and propagated. This paper proposes an argument and explanation as to how non-price factors contribute to reasons behind the uncertainty to be employed and the existing underemployment. The uncertainty of employment enables labour brokers to appropriate rent and to profit from worker effort in the long run. In spite of the appropriation of rent, the presence and activity of brokers create employment at a discount wage for those who are not able to get a job. Labour brokers create jobs by profiting from uncertainty without impacting on the premium wage of insiders and the dynamics in a more secure formal labour market. A case study was done in South Africa to determine if the theory fits the sample.

Read into the lines: the positive effects of queues

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungting Tu ◽  
Wenting Feng ◽  
Cheryl Lin ◽  
Pikuei Tu
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Queue Lengths ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Uncertainty

PurposeCompanies work hard to reduce queue lengths due to the common belief that queues in general are undesirable. Extant literature mainly has focused on the negative consequences of queues and overlooked the potential positive effects. The purpose of this paper is to address the benefits of queues by examining how consumers of different segments may read into the lines (queues) as well as why and when positive effects occur.Design/methodology/approachApplying and integrating psychology and marketing theories, the study develops a model with several propositions to identify and explain the mechanism and conditions under which queues have positive effects.FindingsContrary to conventional belief, queues may serve as positive signs. In certain segments, consumers can perceive a queue as a reflection of superior service/product quality, an opportunity to fulfill the need(s) for self-uniqueness or social inclusion or an avenue to avoid social exclusion. In addition, the benefits of long queues may come from consumers’ joining a line to seek desirable outcomes/gains based on their attribution of the queue, and consumers’ prefactual thinking that regards “not joining” the queue as potential losses. Furthermore, the magnitude of such effects depends on queue distinctiveness, choice heterogeneity, consumption hedonism and performance uncertainty.Originality/valueThis paper explains how, why and when a long queue can be read as positive cues and benefits both the firms and target/potential consumers. The authors demonstrate the psychological mechanisms of joining a queue based on attribution and prefactual thinking, and identify conditions under which positive queue effects are most likely to occur.

Discrimination and Deterrence with Enforcer Liability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat C Mungan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Alternative Settings

Abstract Taste-based discrimination (i.e. discrimination due to racist preferences) receives more attention than statistical discrimination in the enforcement literature, because the latter allows enforcers to increase their “success rates.” I show here that when enforcers’ incentives can be altered via liabilities and rewards, all types of discrimination reduce deterrence. Moreover, adverse effects of statistical discrimination on deterrence are more persistent than similar effects due to taste-based discrimination. I identify crime minimizing liabilities and rewards when enforcers engage in racial discrimination and consider the robustness of the analysis in alternative settings.

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