Discrimination and Deterrence with Enforcer Liability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat C Mungan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Alternative Settings

Abstract Taste-based discrimination (i.e. discrimination due to racist preferences) receives more attention than statistical discrimination in the enforcement literature, because the latter allows enforcers to increase their “success rates.” I show here that when enforcers’ incentives can be altered via liabilities and rewards, all types of discrimination reduce deterrence. Moreover, adverse effects of statistical discrimination on deterrence are more persistent than similar effects due to taste-based discrimination. I identify crime minimizing liabilities and rewards when enforcers engage in racial discrimination and consider the robustness of the analysis in alternative settings.

scholarly journals Sociological Perspectives on Racial Discrimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario L. Small ◽  
Devah Pager
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Institutional Discrimination ◽  
Interpersonal Discrimination

As in economics, racial discrimination has long been a focus of research in sociology. Yet the disciplines traditionally have differed in how they approach the topic. While some studies in recent years show signs of cross-disciplinary influence, exposing more economists to sociological perspectives on racial discrimination would benefit both fields. We offer six propositions from the sociology of racial discrimination that we believe economists should note. We argue that independent of taste and statistical discrimination, economists should study institutional discrimination; that institutional discrimination can take at least two forms, organizational and legal; that in both forms the decisions of a contemporary actor to discriminate can be immaterial; that institutional discrimination is a vehicle through which past discrimination has contemporary consequences; that minor forms of everyday interpersonal discrimination can be highly consequential; and that whether actors perceive they have experienced discrimination deserves attention in its own right.

scholarly journals Non-invasive techniques for stimulating urine production in non-toilet trained children: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Mathew Chandy ◽  
Ann Dewey ◽  
Carole Fogg ◽  
Karen Pilkington
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Urine Production

BackgroundUrinary tract infection requires collection of a sterile urine specimen for diagnosis, which is difficult and time consuming in pre-continent children. This systematic review summarises evidence of the effectiveness of bladder stimulation techniques on urine collection in pre-continent children, compared with standard techniques.MethodsMEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched to May 2019. Selection, data extraction, risk of bias and quality assessment were undertaken by two independent reviewers. Inclusion: (1) all study designs; (2) pre-continent, age <3 years receiving bladder stimulation techniques; (3) outcomes including time to urine collection or contamination rates; (4) English-language articles. Exclusion: coexisting neurological disorders.ResultsThree randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified using three techniques in 568 participants aged 1 day to 35 months. Two RCTs demonstrated an increased success in voiding within 5 min, one using a finger tapping and lumbar paravertebral massage technique and the other cold saline-soaked gauze rubbed over the suprapubic region, compared with no active intervention. A third RCT using a mechanical vibration device demonstrated no difference in time to voiding from advice alone. Non-randomised studies compared different temperatures for the gauze intervention and tapping alone versus urine bags. Six uncontrolled studies tested the finger tapping and massage technique. Risk of bias was low for one RCT and unclear for two RCTs with the other studies rated poor to fair quality. Overall, the evidence on success rates was graded low for tapping plus massage and moderate for the gauze rubbing intervention. Adverse effects included crying and mild distress.DiscussionThe results suggest a positive effect of stimulation techniquesbut lack of replication in rigorous RCTs and heterogeneity of techniques and outcomes assessed prevent conclusive recommendations being made. Further RCTs are required comparing non-invasive stimulation methods and assessing time to successful collection, contamination rates, adverse effects, caregiver and clinical staff acceptability.

Evidence from Field Experiments in Hiring Shows Substantial Additional Racial Discrimination after the Callback

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 732-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Quillian ◽  
John J Lee ◽  
Mariana Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Hiring Discrimination ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
Job Offers

Abstract Field experiments using fictitious applications have become an increasingly important method for assessing hiring discrimination. Most field experiments of hiring, however, only observe whether the applicant receives an invitation to interview, called the “callback.” How adequate is our understanding of discrimination in the hiring process based on an assessment of discrimination in callbacks, when the ultimate subject of interest is discrimination in job offers? To address this question, we examine evidence from all available field experimental studies of racial or ethnic discrimination in hiring that go to the job offer outcome. Our sample includes 12 studies encompassing more than 13,000 job applications. We find considerable additional discrimination in hiring after the callback: majority applicants in our sample receive 53% more callbacks than comparable minority applicants, but majority applicants receive 145% more job offers than comparable minority applicants. The additional discrimination from interview to job offer is weakly correlated (r = 0.21) with the level of discrimination earlier in the hiring process. We discuss the implications of our results for theories of discrimination, including statistical discrimination.

scholarly journals Racial Discrimination in Grading: Evidence from Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Botelho ◽  
Ricardo A. Madeira ◽  
Marcos A. Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Math Grades

We investigate whether racial discrimination in the form of biased assessment of students is prevalent within Brazilian schools. Evidence is drawn from unique administrative data pertaining to eighth-grade students and educators. Holding constant performance in blindly-scored tests of proficiency and behavioral traits we find that blacks have lower teacher-assigned math grades than their white classmates. Heterogeneity in differentials provides evidence both of robustness with respect to omission biases and of compatibility with predictions from models of statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, I24, J15, O15)

scholarly journals High Frequency and Low Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Smoking Cessation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Ponciano-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos A. Chávez-Castillo ◽  
Alma E. Ríos-Ponce ◽  
Gabriel Villafuerte
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Acceptable Result ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Important Health

Introduction. Tobacco consumption is one of the main causes of mortality in the world. Because of its effect on health, smoking cessation should be prioritized as an important health intervention; however, current interventions have shown low success rates as only 31% of the cases can stop smoking. In this paper, an intervention with high frequency and low intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation (HFLI TMS) was applied to determine if this type of neuromodulation could have an effect in decreasing tobacco addiction. Methods. Retrospective data from ten ambulatory smoker patients that underwent 24 sessions of HFLI TMS over 8 weeks were retrieved and are here presented. Results. Exhaled CO concentrations were statistically significantly different from baseline at the weeks 3, 5, 6, and 8. After the 24 sessions, all patients stopped smoking; this was confirmed directly by exhaled carbon monoxide and the smoking diary. Three months after intervention, eight out of ten subjects continued without smoking. No severe adverse effects were reported by participants. Conclusions. Overall, employing HFLI TMS appears to have acceptable result; however, further evidence is needed to determine with more certainty its therapeutic effect and adverse effects for addiction intervention.

The Influence of Specimen Thickness in Quantitative Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

The application of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to light element analysis is rapidly becoming an important aspect of the microcharacterization of solids in materials science, however relatively stringent requirements exist on the specimen thickness under which one can obtain EELS data due to the adverse effects of multiple inelastic scattering.1,2 This study was initiated to determine the limitations on quantitative analysis of EELS data due to specimen thickness.

Voice Therapy With Seniors: Attendance, Outcomes, and Associated Patient Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie E. Smith ◽  
Ruth Huntley Bahr ◽  
Hector N. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Data ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Reflux Symptom Index ◽  
Voice Change ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the attendance and success rates for seniors in voice therapy, identify any contributing patient-related factors, and compare results to existing findings for younger patients. Method This retrospective study included information from the voice records of 50 seniors seen by the same speech-language pathologist in a private practice. Analysis of attendance and outcome data divided participants into 6 groups. Outcomes for Groups 1–3 (64% of patients) were considered successful (positive voice change), while outcomes for Groups 4–6 (36% of patients) were considered unsuccessful. These data were compared to similar data collected for younger adults in a previous study. Results The attendance and success rates for seniors in this study were higher than those previously reported for younger patients. Further consideration of patient factors revealed that reports of increased stress, Reflux Symptom Index scores > 13, and higher Voice Handicap Index functional subscale scores were significant in distinguishing between patients in the successful and unsuccessful treatment outcome groups. Conclusions The relatively high attendance and success rates among this sample of seniors suggest the desire to achieve voice improvement does not diminish with age, and chances for success in voice therapy among nonfrail seniors may be greater than for younger patients.

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