scholarly journals Juxtaposing the Black and White Gender Gap: Race and Gender Differentiation in College Enrollment Predictors*

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomeka Davis ◽  
Bobette Otto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
And Gender

Barriers and Mitigating Strategies of Entrepreneurial Business Growth: The Role of Entrepreneur Race and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Conley ◽  
Diana Bilimoria
Keyword(s):  
Business Growth ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Corporate Diversity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Barriers To Growth ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract In this study, we investigate the obstacles to growth and the mitigating strategies of high-performing (over $1 million in revenues) entrepreneurial businesses, and how these differ between businesses owned by Black and White entrepreneurs and between female and male entrepreneurs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis methods. Findings reveal that the lack of access to capital is faced by all groups of entrepreneurs, but that Black and female entrepreneurs additionally faced racial discrimination and gender bias obstacles to their business growth. While all entrepreneurs used social capital strategies to mitigate the barriers to growth that their businesses faced, Black and female entrepreneurs additionally employed faith and prayer as well as business engagement in governmental and corporate diversity initiatives as strategies to overcome the obstacles. Implications of the findings for the entrepreneurial business growth of racial/ethnic minority and female-owned firms are discussed.

Sociodemographic Correlates of Health Beliefs among Black and White Community Dwelling Elderly Individuals

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony N. Galanos ◽  
Ronald P. Strauss ◽  
Carl F. Pieper
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
And Gender

This study examined the hypothesis that sociodemographic characteristics such as age, education, race, and gender would be predictive of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Subscale scores in a population-based sample of 342 community dwelling elderly individuals. Bivariate analysis revealed associations between black race, lower socioeconomic status, and lower education on the Chance and Powerful Others Subscales. While the multivariate analysis revealed no predictors for the Internal Subscale, a higher socioeconomic status, white race, and a higher level of education continued to predict low scores on the Chance Subscale when controlling for all other variables. Scores on the Powerful Others Subscale appeared to be a function of socioeconomic status and gender. Of note, the higher the education level for both men and women, the lower the scores on the Chance and Powerful Others Subscales. This sex by education interaction term reached statistical significance for the Chance Subscale. The results demonstrate the measurable influence of sociodemographic variables on the health beliefs of community dwelling elderly individuals.

Abstract P078: Gender And Racial Disparities In Aspirin Use For Primary Prevention: Temporal Trends From The National Health And Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011-2018

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Dasa ◽  
Inyoung Jun ◽  
Ruba Sajdeya ◽  
Mohamad B Taha ◽  
Omar Sajdeya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
National Health ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
And Gender

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) disproportionately affects racial minorities in the US. Aspirin is recommended for primary prevention in persons at high CVD risk. Prior evidence revealed racial and gender disparities in aspirin use for primary prevention. Objectives: To describe recent trends in aspirin use for primary prevention by race and gender to identify factors associated with differences in aspirin use. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011-2018, were analyzed. Participants aged 40-79 years, without prior history of CVD were included. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of aspirin use with comorbidities and sociodemographic factors. Results: Among 11212 participants, 47.0% were men; the mean (SD) age was 55.8 (9.79) years; 33.1% were non-Hispanic Whites (W), 23.7% non-Hispanic Blacks (B), and 13.1% Hispanics (H). Aspirin use was more prevalent among W (37.8%) compared to B (26.5%) and H (11.5%) ( P -value <0.001). Trends in aspirin use varied by race and gender over the eight-year follow-up period (Figure 1). Generally, aspirin use was significantly lower in women than men. There was a downward trend in aspirin use in H and B women; H men and women had the lowest prevalence of use across the follow-up duration. Aspirin use was significantly higher at older age, with higher BMI, more comorbidities, non-smokers, and having insurance. Compared to W, H (but not B) had a persistently lower likelihood of aspirin use over time in the unadjusted logistic regression model. After adjustment, race (but not gender) was no longer significantly associated with aspirin use. Conclusions: Aspirin use for primary prevention remains prevalent among W compared to others and among men compared to women. However, after adjusting for several covariates, the effects of race were removed but the gender differences remained. The persistent gender gap in aspirin use for primary prevention requires further explanation, and for those at high risk, intervention.

scholarly journals Pedagogies of Race: The Politics of Whiteness in an African American Studies Course

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina V. Jones
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
White People ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
American Society

This paper evaluates students' arguments for a color-blind society to avoid discussions related to the continued existence of racism in USA culture. Relatedly, this writer finds that as an black woman her status as facilitator in the classroom is directly challenged, on occasion, and that race and gender play a primary role in students' perception of classroom material and how she is perceived. Classroom discussions related to historical texts reveal that structures of domination have slanted perception of black and white people in U.S. culture. Finally, a key to open dialogue about race and racism, primarily for white students, is to explain and demonstrate the invisibility of whiteness or white privilege in American society.

cSELF (Computer Science Education from Life)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Bennett ◽  
Ron Eglash
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Native American ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Computer Science Education ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Broadening Participation ◽  
And Gender

The phrase “broadening participation” is often used to describe efforts to decrease the race and gender gap in science and engineering education, and in this paper the authors describe an educational program focused on addressing the lower achievement rates and career interests of underrepresented ethnic groups (African American, Native American, and Latino students). However “broadening participation” can also describe the more general problem of a narrow, decontextualized form of education that can alienate all demographics. Broadening the scope of computing education can not only help address disparities in different social groups, but also make technical education more attractive to all individuals, and help us create a generation of science and engineering professionals who can better incorporate an understanding of the world into their technical work. The program the authors report on, Computer Science Education from Life (cSELF) takes a modest step in this direction. Using the concept of “design agency” the authors describe how this merging of abstract formal structures, material creative practice, and cultural knowledge can improve underrepresented student engagement, and foster learning practices in computing that offer broader forms of social expression for all students.

A New Era

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda A. Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Black Population ◽  
Municipal Politics ◽  
Race Riots ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
New Era ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Club Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Many

This chapter examines how Fannie Barrier Williams responded to both hardening racial attitudes and the growth of the black population in the second decade of the twentieth century by joining forces with black and white club women in their attempts to solve the many problems that plagued the black community. It begins with a discussion of the race riots sparked mainly by anger over increasing black migration that led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It then considers Barrier Williams' efforts in expanding the services of local organizations and increasing black women's engagement with municipal work in Chicago. It also explores how race and gender defined Barrier Williams' espousal of women's participation in municipal politics and concludes with an assessment of her personal loss during the period: the deaths of her mother Harriet and husband S. Laing, as well as friends Celia Parker Woolley and Jenkin Lloyd Jones.

Perceivers exhibit inconsistent biases when assessing pain-related facial movements by sociocultural factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy C. Dildine ◽  
Carolyn Amir ◽  
Lauren Yvette Atlas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
And Gender

Inequities in pain assessment and treatment are well documented; however, the psychological mechanisms underlying such biases are still poorly understood. We investigated potential perceptual biases in the judgments of faces displaying pain-related movements. Across three online studies, 541 adult participants viewed images of computer-generated faces (‘targets’) displaying pain-related facial expressions. Participants (‘perceivers’) rated whether or not a target was in pain, then rated perceived pain intensity of the target on trials rated as painful or perceived emotion on trials rated as non-painful. Target identity was manipulated across participants, and stimuli varied in features related to race (Black and White) and gender (women and men); importantly, we manipulated and matched facial action units associated with pain in empirical studies across stimuli. Contrary to well-documented inequities in the clinic, target race and gender did not consistently affect pain-related judgments. However, on trials rated as painful, participants ascribed greater pain to targets they perceived as most similar to themselves. Further, on trials rated as non-painful, participants categorized women targets as surprised or fearful more often and neutral less often than targets depicting men. Our results suggest a nuanced role of perception that may prime perceivers to see pain in targets most similar to themselves and may prime perceivers to see other emotions in women exhibiting pain-related facial movements; however, these assessments should be extended to clinical contexts to determine if these biases are present in medical providers.

Non-Inferior Survival of Black Versus White Patients and Superior Outcomes for Black Females Compared to Other Race/Gender Groups Following Allogeneic Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancy: A Single Center Multivariable Analysis of 475 Allografted Patients

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 401-401
Author(s):  
Asad Bashey ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Katelin Jackson ◽  
Stacey Brown ◽  
Melhem Solh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relapse Rate ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
And Gender ◽  
White Patients

Abstract The effect of race on outcomes following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is unclear. Earlier studies suggested no clear difference between black and white patients for conventional allografts (Baker et al JCO 2005, 23:7032) and inferior outcomes for black patients following single unit umbilical cord blood transplants(UCBT) (Ballen et al BBMT 2012, 18:903). The advent of HLA-haploidentical donor transplantation using T-replete grafts and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (HIDT-ptCy) has improved donor availability for black patients. However, the effect of race on allograft outcomes in the era of HIDT-ptCy has not been reported. We compared outcomes by race in 475 consecutive patients (white=383, black=83, Asian =9) undergoing a first allograft for hematologic malignancy at our center between February 2005 and February 2014. Hispanic/latino was classified as an ethnicity separate from race and was not exclusive of race categories. Patients with < 8 of 8 HLA- A, B, C, DRB1 allele matched unrelated donors, and UCBT were excluded from the analysis. Supportive care algorithms and follow-up assessments were identical for all patients. Median follow-up for living patients was 45 months (range 12-120 months). Patient characteristics and outcome data were obtained from our institutional database where they had been prospectively documented. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Relapse and non-relapse mortality (NRM) were treated as competing risks. There were no significant differences in patient disease and transplant characteristics including Disease Risk Index (DRI) and HCT-CMI between the black and white patients except black patients were younger (median age 46 vs 53), more likely to receive HIDT-ptCy (61% vs. 17%) and less likely to be CMV seronegative pairs (12% vs 27%) (p<0.001 for all). Estimated outcomes at 2 yrs for black versus white patients were as follows: OS-71% vs. 62%( p=0.1, pointwise, p=0.04 Log-rank, Fig 1a); DFS 64% vs 50% (p=0.025 pointwise, p=0.06 Log-rank). Cumulative Incidences at 2 yrs were: NRM 13% vs 16%(p=0.5 pointwise, p=0.44 Gray's test) relapse 23% vs. 34% (p=0.02 pointwise, p=0.18 Gray's test). We found a strong interaction between race and gender for the outcomes assessed. Subsequent analysis were performed for four groups: Black female (BF, n=43), black male (BM, n=40), white female (WF, n=162), white male( WM, n=221). Black females had superior OS (2 yr OS 81%, 63%, 60%, 60% for BF, WF, WM, BM respectively, Log Rank p=0.02, Fig 1b) and DFS (2yr DFS 72%, 52%, 49%, 55% respectively, Log-rank p=0.04). NRM was not different between the four groups (2 yr NRM 12%, 16%, 15%, 15% respectively p=NS) but 2 yr relapse rates were significantly lower in BF (16%) than WF (32%) and WM (35%) (p=0.05 BF vs WF and p=0.01 BF vs WM). Multivariable Cox regression models were built to adjust for significant confounding variables with the race and gender combinations being the main compared group. When compared to WF as a baseline, BF had a significantly improved OS (HR 0.33, p=0.003), DFS (HR 0.49, p=0.025) and relapse rate (HR=0.45, p=0.046) but NRM was not statistically different. WM and BM were not significantly different from WF for any endpoint. These data demonstrate that in the current era when almost all black patients can find a fully matched conventional donor or a haploidentical donor, outcomes following allotransplants for hematologic malignancy for black patients are not inferior to those for white patients and may be superior for BF compared to other race/gender combinations. A lower relapse rate in BF appears to contribute to this difference. Figure 1A. Figure 1A. Figure 1B. Figure 1B. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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