The effect of paid maternity leave on low‐income families' welfare use in the US

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-970
Author(s):  
Ji Young Kang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
The Us ◽  
Welfare Use ◽  
Low Income Families

Factors Critical for Improving Intergenerational Mobility

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Social Program ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Housing Estates

Failure to appreciate theimportant fact that poverty propagated itself in the absence of a parent or a social program that had time to help young childrenhas allowed child poverty to fester, compromising children’s ability to go to school, their willingness to learn, their attitudes, and their motivation. This is a major cause of worsening intergenerational mobility and poverty. The research findings of Chetty et al. confirm the importance of investing in schooling, of having stable families, and of building communities to provide positive encouragement and support for the disadvantaged. The isolated, remote public housing estates we have in Hong Kong are unlikely to foster such communities.The findings from the US and Hong Kong strongly suggest that public sector housing policy to subsidize low-income families should be changed from providing subsidized rental housing units to homeownership units. This would have three different effects for increasing intergenerational mobility among low-income households.

scholarly journals Water Pricing and Affordability in the US: Public vs Private Ownership

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Marcela Gonzalez Rivas ◽  
Mary Grant ◽  
Mildred E. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Community Water Systems ◽  
Private Providers ◽  
Community Water ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Annual Water

We examine the 500 largest community water systems in the US to explore if ownership is related to annual water bills and the percent of income that low-income households spend on water. Results show that, among the largest water systems, private ownership is related to higher water prices and less affordability for low-income families. In states with regulations favorable to private providers, water utilities charge even higher prices. Affordability issues are more severe in communities with higher poverty and older infrastructure. Water policy needs to address ownership and regulation and explore new mechanisms to ensure water affordability for low-income residents.

Introduction: Intensive Family Support Services: Politics, Policy and Practice Across Contexts

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Churchill ◽  
Robin Sen
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Family Support Services

The last twenty years have seen major international developments in welfare state support and services for children, parents and families. Increases in provision occurred within established areas such as welfare benefits, family allowances, child welfare services and maternity leave entitlements; and new ‘forms and modalities of provision’ were introduced (Daly et al., 2015: 10), in particular parental and paternity leave entitlements; welfare-to-work programmes and active labour market policies; conditional cash support schemes; in-work subsidies for low income families; childcare and early education services; earlier intervention and prevention programmes; parenting and family support services; and inter-departmental, inter-professional and inter-agency models of service provision (OECD, 2009, 2011).

Washington View

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
Maria Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private School ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Tax Deduction ◽  
State And Local Taxes

The tax bills passed by the US House and Senate went after K-12 and postsecondary education in equal measure, undermining educational opportunities at nearly every turn. The author explains how changes to a long-standing tax deduction affecting state and local taxes could affect school districts, the likelihood that low-income families will benefit from new opportunities to use 529 savings plan for private school educations, and the ways in which tax changes could affect graduate students.

Healthy Homes

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Tax Credit ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Healthy Homes ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
American Children

This chapter looks at how 16 million American children live in poverty, putting them at risk for delayed development, disease, and poor educational outcomes. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a pro-work, federal tool that has reduced or eliminated poverty for 13.2 million children. However, 20% of eligible households do not claim this tax credit. To lower the US poverty rate, which has plateaued, how might health systems help families maximize this economic credit? A 2018 program suggests it is possible to connect EITC-eligible families to free tax preparation through physician referral, fliers included with visit reminders, in-clinic advertising, and calls to families with upcoming appointments in the pediatric clinic, offering tax services 15 to 25 hours weekly, including evenings and weekends. The program was associated with increased filing rates, receipt of EITC, and use of free tax preparation, all of which increase money for low-income families. Finding such clever, convenient ways to make better use of federal policies to reduce poverty one family at a time creates a novel community resource.

scholarly journals Conditional Cash Transfers And Health Of Low-Income Families In The US: Evaluating The Family Rewards Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Courtin ◽  
Peter Muennig ◽  
Nandita Verma ◽  
James A. Riccio ◽  
Mylene Lagarde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Families

The United States

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Unpaid Leave ◽  
Provider Role

As the classic liberal welfare state with a dual-earner regime, the US is unique in being the only advanced country and one of only four nations in the world that has no statutory right to paid maternity leave (or paternity or parental leave) for employees. The Family and Medical Leave Act provides 12 weeks of unpaid leave to both genders but only covers about 60% of all US employees. Hence the US government relies on the tax system and employers to provide support for parents. Interventions targeting fathers focus on low-income fathers who fail to fulfil their normative provider role as married head of household. As neither paid leaves, allowances or low-cost public day care are easily available, US fathers provide a relatively high amount of childcare to young children, by necessity. For about 20% of pre-school children fathers are the primary childcare provider, they spend about 2 hours a day with primary childcare, and about 1/3 are highly involved. US fathers are experiencing a high agency gap due to a demanding workplace and low levels of support for active fathers.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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