scholarly journals Maternal influences on effortful control in adolescence: Developmental pathways to externalizing behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-426
Author(s):  
Ariana K. Ruof ◽  
Kit K. Elam ◽  
Laurie Chassin
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Maternal Influences

scholarly journals Transdiagnostic mechanisms in internalizing and externalizing psychopathology: The role of effortful control in reflexive responding to emotion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Havens Sperry ◽  
Neil Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Externalizing Psychopathology ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Emotion-based impulsivity is a transdiagnostic construct related to both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The Reflexive Responding to Emotion (RRE) framework proposes one possible mechanism through which emotion-based impulsivity predicts two phenotypically different presentations – poor effortful control in the face of strong negative and positive affect can result in either approach or avoidance tendencies. In the present study, we tested this theoretical model in a large developmental community sample, the Enhanced NKI-RS sample (Adult n = 708, Adolescent n = 367), which has a wide range of psychopathology and healthy functioning. Using structural equation path modeling, we tested our primary hypothesis that heightened negative or positive affect would be associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors indirectly through activation control (avoidance) or inhibitory control (approach) facets of effortful control. In adolescents, pathways consistent with the RRE framework for negative urgency emerged such that there was a significant indirect path from negative affect to activation control to internalizing and from negative affect to inhibitory control to externalizing. There was no evidence of positive urgency pathways in the adolescent sample. In contrast, distinct pathways emerged for negative and positive affect in the adult sample – both indirectly led to internalizing psychopathology through activation control and externalizing psychopathology through inhibitory control. Results provide empirical support for the theoretical RRE model and highlight differential cognitive mechanisms through which heightened emotion states may lead to distinct impulsive action or inaction. Implications of these results are discussed, particularly as they relate to differential intervention targets for emotion-based impulsivity in transdiagnostic populations.

Parenting, anger, and effortful control as predictors of child externalizing behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Smith ◽  
Kimberly L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Child Characteristics ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Child Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Controlling Behaviors

Externalizing behaviors observed in early childhood have been found to be stable, particularly for boys, but little research has investigated the antecedents of these behaviors, especially how the antecedents may differentially relate to externalizing behaviors in boys and girls. The goal of this study was to explore predictors of externalizing behaviors concurrently in toddlerhood and longitudinally to preschool. When children ( n = 140) were 30–36 months old, maternal supportive and controlling behaviors were observed, and children’s effortful control and anger were measured through observations and maternal report. Mothers reported on children’s externalizing behavior during toddlerhood and approximately 2 years later ( n = 116). Although mean level differences were not found between boys and girls, effortful control was differentially related to externalizing behaviors in toddlerhood. Higher levels of effortful control were associated with less externalizing behaviors for boys but not for girls. Additionally, anger was positively related to externalizing behaviors. Few associations were found for maternal behaviors, which emphasizes the importance of child characteristics in externalizing behaviors. Our findings emphasize how future research should continue to examine relations of early antecedents to concurrent and later externalizing behaviors even if mean level sex differences are not found.

Developmental Cascades of Preschoolers’ Effortful Control, Externalizing Behaviors, and Parental Corporal Punishment in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092749
Author(s):  
Jingya Li ◽  
Meifang Wang ◽  
Xianqi Liu ◽  
Han Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Cascade Models

This research examined the interrelations among children’s effortful control, externalizing behaviors, and parental corporal punishment in China. Two hundred and five father–mother dyads of preschoolers (initial Mage = 3.73 years, 50% boys) completed measures of children’s effortful control, externalizing behaviors, and parental corporal punishment at three time points with 1-year intervals in between. In developmental cascade models, only unidirectional direct relations between variables were found: preschoolers’ effortful control negatively predicted externalizing behaviors a year later, and preschoolers’ externalizing behaviors positively predicted maternal and paternal corporal punishment a year later. Moreover, although no direct relations between preschoolers’ effortful control and parental corporal punishment were found, a potential indirect pathway from effortful control to paternal corporal punishment through externalizing behaviors was observed. The findings are discussed in terms of their cultural basis and highlight the importance of efforts to strengthen children’s self-regulation during early childhood.

Developmental Pathways Leading to Externalizing Behaviors in 5 Year Olds Born Before 29 Weeks of Gestation

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
PASCALE C. GIROUARD ◽  
RAYMOND H. BAILLARGEON ◽  
RICHARD E. TREMBLAY ◽  
JACQUELINE GLORIEUX ◽  
FRANCINE LEFEBVRE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Pathways

scholarly journals Exuberant and inhibited toddlers: Stability of temperament and risk for problem behavior

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Stifter ◽  
Samuel Putnam ◽  
Laudan Jahromi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Internalizing Behaviors ◽  
Socially Responsive ◽  
Neutral Affect

AbstractTemperament, effortful control, and problem behaviors at 4.5 years were assessed in 72 children classified as exuberant, inhibited, and low reactive as 2-year-olds. Exuberant toddlers were more positive, socially responsive to novel persons, less shy, and rated as having more problem behaviors, including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, than other children as preschoolers. Two forms of effortful control, the ability to delay a response and the ability to produce a subdominant response, were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors, whereas expressing more negative affect (relative to positive/neutral affect) when disappointed was related to more internalizing behaviors. Interaction effects implicated high levels of unregulated emotion during disappointment as a risk factor for problem behaviors in exuberant children.

Parenting Behaviors and Anxiety in Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Stevens ◽  
Joseph R. Bardeen ◽  
Kyle W. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
High Control ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Parenting behaviors – specifically behaviors characterized by high control, intrusiveness, rejection, and overprotection – and effortful control have each been implicated in the development of anxiety pathology. However, little research has examined the protective role of effortful control in the relation between parenting and anxiety symptoms, specifically among adults. Thus, we sought to explore the unique and interactive effects of parenting and effortful control on anxiety among adults (N = 162). Results suggest that effortful control uniquely contributes to anxiety symptoms above and beyond that of any parenting behavior. Furthermore, effortful control acted as a moderator of the relationship between parental overprotection and anxiety, such that overprotection is associated with anxiety only in individuals with lower levels of effortful control. Implications for potential prevention and intervention efforts which specifically target effortful control are discussed. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences in self-regulatory abilities when examining associations between putative early-life risk factors, such as parenting, and anxiety symptoms.

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