Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well‐trained endurance runners

The p.R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the ACTN3 gene causes individuals with the ACTN3 XX genotype to be deficient in functional α-actinin-3. Previous investigations have found that XX athletes are more prone to suffer non-contact muscle injuries. This investigation aimed to determine the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in the injury epidemiology of elite endurance athletes. Using a cross-sectional experiment, the epidemiology of running-related injuries was recorded for one season in a group of 89 Spanish elite endurance runners. ACTN3 R577X genotype was obtained for each athlete using genomic DNA samples. From the study sample, 42.7% of athletes had the RR genotype, 39.3% had the RX genotype, and 18.0% had the XX genotype. A total of 96 injuries were recorded in 57 athletes. Injury incidence was higher in RR runners (3.2 injuries/1000 h of running) than in RX (2.0 injuries/1000 h) and XX (2.2 injuries/1000 h; p = 0.030) runners. RR runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the Achilles tendon, RX runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the knee, and XX runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the groin (p = 0.025). The ACTN3 genotype did not affect the mode of onset, the severity, or the type of injury. The ACTN3 genotype slightly affected the injury epidemiology of elite endurance athletes with a higher injury rate in RR athletes and differences in injury location. However, elite ACTN3 XX endurance runners were not more prone to muscle-type injuries.

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Author Correction: The effect of training intensity on implicit learning rates in schizophrenia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92493-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Natasza D. Orlov ◽

Jessica Sanderson ◽

Syed Ali Muqtadir ◽

Anastasia K. Kalpakidou ◽

Panayiota G. Michalopoulou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Implicit Learning ◽

Training Intensity ◽

Learning Rates

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Correction to: Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-021-00427-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chloé Lavoué ◽

Julien Siracusa ◽

Émeric Chalchat ◽

Cyprien Bourrilhon ◽

Keyne Charlot

Keyword(s):

Fluid Intake ◽

World Championship ◽

Endurance Runners ◽

Ultra Endurance ◽

Food And Fluid Intake

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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Monitoring Training and Recovery during a Period of Increased Intensity or Volume in Recreational Endurance Athletes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2401

Author(s):

Olli-Pekka Nuuttila ◽

Ari Nummela ◽

Keijo Häkkinen ◽

Santtu Seipäjärvi ◽

Heikki Kyröläinen

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Control Period ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Training Period ◽

Training Intensity ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Maximal Speed ◽

Individualized Approach ◽

Monitoring Training

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of progressively increased training intensity or volume on the nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), countermovement jump, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index (HR-RS index). Another aim was to analyze how observed patterns during the training period in these monitoring variables were associated with the changes in endurance performance. Thirty recreationally trained participants performed a 10-week control period of regular training and a 10-week training period of either increased training intensity (INT, n = 13) or volume (VOL, n = 17). Changes in endurance performance were assessed by an incremental treadmill test. Both groups improved their maximal speed on the treadmill (INT 3.4 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001; VOL 2.1 ± 1.8%, p = 0.006). In the monitoring variables, only between-group difference (p = 0.013) was found in nocturnal HR, which decreased in INT (p = 0.016). In addition, perceived recovery decreased in VOL (p = 0.021) and tended to decrease in INT (p = 0.056). When all participants were divided into low-responders and responders in maximal running performance, the increase in the HR-RS index at the end of the training period was greater in responders (p = 0.005). In conclusion, current training periods of increased intensity or volume improved endurance performance to a similar extent. Countermovement jump and HRV remained unaffected, despite a slight decrease in perceived recovery. Long-term monitoring of the HR-RS index may help to predict positive adaptations, while interpretation of other recovery-related markers may need a more individualized approach.

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Examining Bone, Muscle and Fat in Middle-Aged Long-Term Endurance Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9020522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 522

Author(s):

Ulrike H. Mitchell ◽

Bruce Bailey ◽

Patrick J. Owen

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Endurance Runners ◽

Total Body

Aerobic exercise training has many known cardiovascular benefits that may promote healthy aging. It is not known if long-term aerobic exercise training is also associated with structural benefits (e.g., lower fat mass, higher areal bone mineral density (BMD) and greater muscle mass). We evaluated these parameters in middle-aged long-term endurance runners compared to sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched non-running controls. Total and regional lean and fat mass and areal BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sagittal magnetic resonance images captured the cross-sectional area and thickness of the lumbar multifidus. Runners (n = 10; all male) had a mean (standard deviation; SD) age of 49 (4) years, height of 178.9 (4.9) cm, weight of 67.8 (5.8) kg, body mass index (BMI) of 21.4 (1.4) kg/m2 and had been running 82.6 (27.9) km/week for 23 (13) years. Controls (n = 9) had a mean (SD) age of 51 (5) years, height of 176.0 (5.1) cm, weight of 72.8 (7.1) kg, and BMI of 23.7 (2.1) kg/m2. BMI was greater in controls (p = 0.010). When compared to controls on average, runners had a 10 percentage-point greater total body lean mass than controls (p = 0.001) and 14% greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.010), as well as less total body (8.6 kg; p < 0.001), arm (58%; p = 0.002), leg (52%; p < 0.001), trunk (73%; p < 0.001), android (91%; p < 0.001), and gynoid fat mass (64%; p < 0.001). No differences were observed between groups for BMD outcomes or multifidus size. These results underscore the benefits of endurance running to body composition that carry over to middle-age.

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