Respiratory reflex generated by movement of the arms

The problem of adaptation to additional breathing resistance has recently become more urgent due to the growth of bronchopulmonary diseases. Therefore, there is a natural interest in non-drug strategies compensating resistive breathing in humans. The aim of the study was to assess conditioned reflex changes in the functional state of the subjects under additional breathing resistance. Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on 55 practically healthy subjects of both sexes, aged 18–36. Additional breathing resistance was modeled by inspiratory resistive loads of 40, 60, 70, and 80 % of the maximum intraoral pressure. The conditioned respiratory reflex to resistive respiratory load was developed as a short-delayed conditioned signal with a 30-second period of isolated action. The authors examined behavioral, vegetative, gas and energy indicators of the organism before and after the formation of a conditioned reflex. Results. It was observed that conditioned reflex shifts of physiological parameters in the process of adaptation to additional breathing resistance differ significantly from the corresponding unconditioned reflex changes both in nature and in intensity. Conditioned reflex mechanisms reduce the intensity of shifts in the motor component of the external respiration system, which, apparently, is the main reason to decrease the aversive behavior. Conclusion. Behavioral changes after the formation of a conditioned respiratory reflex to additional respiratory resistance are characterized by a decrease in aversive behavior patterns. The conditioned reflex realization of increasing resistive loads is expressed in a lower physiological cost of adaptation to additional respiratory resistance relative to the unconditioned reflex type of realization. Keywords: adaptation, conditioned respiratory reflex, additional breathing resistance. Проблема приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению в последнее время становится все более актуальной в связи с ростом бронхолегочных заболеваний. Поэтому естественен интерес к нелекарственным механизмам компенсации резистивного дыхания человека. Целью исследования являлась оценка условно-рефлекторных изменений функционального состояния испытуемых в условиях дополнительного респираторного сопротивления. Материалы и методы. Работа проведена на 55 практически здоровых испытуемых обоего пола в возрасте от 18 до 36 лет. Дополнительное респираторное сопротивление моделировалось инспираторными резистивными нагрузками величиной 40, 60, 70 и 80 % от максимального внутриротового давления. Условный дыхательный рефлекс на резистивные дыхательные нагрузки вырабатывался по типу короткоотставленного с периодом изолированного действия условного сигнала 30 с. Исследовались поведенческие, вегетативные, газовые и энергетические показатели организма до и после формирования условного рефлекса. Результаты. Показано, что условно-рефлекторные сдвиги физиологических показателей в процессе приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению существенно отличаются от соответствующих безусловно-рефлекторных изменений как по характеру, так и по интенсивности. Условно-рефлекторные механизмы уменьшают интенсивность сдвигов моторного компонента системы внешнего дыхания, что, по-видимому, является основной причиной снижения вероятности появления аверсивного поведения. Выводы. Поведенческие изменения после формирования условного дыхательного рефлекса на дополнительное респираторное сопротивление характеризуются снижением вероятности появления аверсивных форм поведения. Условно-рефлекторная реализация возрастающих по интенсивности резистивных нагрузок выражается в меньшей физиологической стоимости приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению относительно безусловно-рефлекторного типа реализации. Ключевые слова: приспособление, условный дыхательный рефлекс, дополнительное респираторное сопротивление.

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A Respiratory Reflex as Affected by an Anticholinesterase

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.185.1.142 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 185 (1) ◽

pp. 142-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernard Metz

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Respiratory Failure ◽

Respiratory Control ◽

Reflex Response ◽

Suggestive Evidence ◽

Small Doses ◽

Respiratory Reflex ◽

Stimulation Of

Small doses of the potent anticholinesterase, TEPP, introduced via a cisternal puncture produce a marked potentiation of the respiratory reflex response induced by electrical stimulation of Hering's nerve in the dog. Larger doses of TEPP cause an inhibition of this reflex followed by respiratory failure. These experiments lend suggestive evidence that a neurohumoral mediator (e.g. acetylcholine) may be a component of respiratory control.

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Hypothalamus and respiratory minute volume

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.198.6.1304 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 198 (6) ◽

pp. 1304-1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edward S. Redgate

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

High Frequency ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Minute Volume ◽

Reflex Pathways ◽

Before And After ◽

Significant Depression ◽

Volume Decrease ◽

Frequency Current ◽

Respiratory Reflex

Minute volume of respiration was measured in 21 cats. Hypodermic tubing and electrodes were implanted in the hypothalamus. Minute volume of respiration was measured before and after depression of the hypothalamus by coagulation with high frequency current or by microinjection of 4% thiopental into sites in the hypothalamus. Depression of the hypothalamus was followed by a 20–30% decrease in minute volume. The results were statistically significant. Depression of the thalamus by coagulation or microinjection of thiopental was not followed by a significant change in minute volume. Intravenous injection of the amount of thiopental injected into the hypothalamus did not alter minute volume. Minute volume decrease was often associated with blood pressure and muscle tone decreases, but in several cases, minute volume decreases were independent of blood pressure and muscle tone. The evidence supports the argument that tonic discharges from the hypothalamus increase the excitability of respiratory reflex pathways and effect increased minute volume.

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A RESPIRATORY REFLEX ORIGINATING FROM THE THORACIC WALL OF THE DOG

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-194703000-00004 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 159-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. W. Whitehead ◽

William B. Draper

Keyword(s):

Thoracic Wall ◽

Respiratory Reflex

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Effects of tonic vagal input on breathing pattern in newborn rabbits

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.59.1.223 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 223-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

T. Trippenbach ◽

G. Kelly ◽

D. Marlot

Keyword(s):

Breathing Pattern ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Vagal Activity ◽

Respiratory Effects ◽

Tracheal Pressure ◽

Negative Pressure Breathing ◽

Lung Deflation ◽

Reflex Stimulation ◽

Cardiac Receptors ◽

Respiratory Reflex

Respiratory effects of positive and negative pressure breathing were studied in 1- and 4-day-old rabbit pups anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg, im) and acepromazine (3 mg/kg, im). We recorded tidal volume (VT), tracheal pressure (Ptr), and integrated diaphragmatic EMG (DiEMG). Inspiratory (TI) and expiratory time (TE) were measured from the records of DiEMG. During breathing with increased Ptr by 1 or 2 cmH2O, VT, minute ventilation (VE), and respiratory rate (f) decreased. Changes in f relied on a TE prolongation. Neither DiEMG nor its rate of rise (DiEMGt) were affected. Except for VT decrease during positive Ptr, all other effects disappeared after vagotomy. Our results indicate that an increase in tonic vagal activity interacts with the mechanisms controlling TE and has no effect on depth and duration of inspiration. When Ptr decreased by 1 and 2 cmH2O, VE increased due to an increase in f. Increase in f relied on shortening of both TI and TE; the TE effect being more pronounced. DiEMG and DiEMGt also increased. Adverse effects of lung deflation and vagotomy strongly suggest that the respiratory reflex stimulation due to decrease in Ptr does not rely on inhibition of the slowly adapting stretch receptor activity. Therefore other excitatory vagal inputs must be responsible for this response. We propose two vagally mediated inputs: the irritant and/or the cardiac receptors.

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Central nervous system control of cardiorespiratory nasopharyngeal reflexes in the rabbit

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.2.404 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 228 (2) ◽

pp. 404-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

S White ◽

RJ McRitchie ◽

PI Korner

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Response ◽

Carotid Sinus ◽

Cerebral Hemispheres ◽

System Control ◽

Controlled Ventilation ◽

Cardiovascular Reflex ◽

Respiratory Reflex ◽

Central Nervous System Control

The role of different central nervous regions in the reflex apnea, bradycardia, and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by nasopharyngeal stimulation with cigarette smoke was examined in unanesthetized shamoperated, thalamic, and pontine rabbits with intact and sectioned carotid sinus and aortic nerves (CS and AN). Apnea occurred in all preparations. In pontine animals with intact CS and AN, the heart rate response was reduced but not the mesenteric vasoconstriction. The role of suprabulbar and bulbospinal regions became more apparent when individual components of the input profile were examined in animals with controlled ventilation. The bradycardia and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by apnea without smoke, but not by smoke without apnea, were reduced in pontine animals. Prior section of the CS and AN attenuated the response in all neural preparations but to the least extent when cerebral hemispheres were intact. The data indicate that the respiratory reflex is predominantly integrated at bulbospinal sites, but the cardiovascular reflex is integrated at both bulbospinal and suprabulbar sites, or is integrated at bulbospinal and modulated from suprabulbar sites.

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