Estimating labour income‐based inequality of opportunity for a selection of EU‐SILC countries: national and urban‐rural perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Mogila ◽  
Patricia C. Melo ◽  
José M. Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Labour Income ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals The Inspiration of European Countries’ Rural Value Orientation to China’s Rural Revitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Yong-Sheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
Selection Of

The economy of European countries developed rapidly after the Western Industrial Revolution, and the rural areas of European countries also experienced long-term failure and depression. In the process of urbanization construction, the rural construction also faced many problems. In particular, after the urbanization rate exceeded 50%, European countries took targeted measures to revitalize rural areas in response to many problems in rural development, promoting the development process of urban-rural integration. Especially in Europe in the value orientation in the process of rural construction, there are many worth learning and using for reference of experience, in this paper, the European countries value index selection of rural construction, and implementation of rural construction scheme under this value orientation [1] research summary, draw lessons from the mature experience of the European countries rural construction, combined with China’s national conditions related to rural revitalization of advice are put forward.

scholarly journals Analysis of the exhaust emissions from hybrid vehicle during RDE test

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ziolkowski ◽  
Pawel Daszkiewicz ◽  
Lukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Fuc ◽  
Pawel Ukleja
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Emission Norm ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Test Route ◽  
Selection Of

The introduction of the Euro 6c emission norm in 2017 resulted in a change of the type approval procedures. The most important of these was the replacement of the NEDC test with WLTC test with different procedures. In addition, the research was extended to include emission tests in real operating conditions (RDE). Such tests are enforced for heavy vehicles since 2014. PEMS apparatus was used for the measurements, which has been used by many research and development centers to carry out exhaust emissions measurements long before the applicable procedures were introduced. The article presents the methodology of conducting RDE measurements in accordance with the requirements defined by the Euro 6c norm. The focus in this case was primarily on the selection of the test route in the Poznań agglomeration. After determining its course, RDE measurements were made for a vehicle with a hybrid drive. The test route parameters have complied with the applicable requirements. All requirements were met and it was possible to analyze the exhaust emissions. The main focus being the determination of exhaust emissions from the entire test and in accordance with the EMROAD method. The CF (Comformity Factor) coefficients were also determined for both methods and compared with the applicable legal values. An analysis of the hybrid drive system operation was carried out, defining the degree of hybridization, which is the portion of the vehicle travel using only the electric motor of the drive system throughout the whole test. All analyzes were carried out in individual sections of the test: urban, rural and motorway.

CAIs for Measuring Benefits of Rural Infrastructure Investment in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Shi Jie Jiang ◽  
Li Yin Shen ◽  
Yi Peng ◽  
Li Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Rural Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Business Practitioners ◽  
Investment In China ◽  
Selection Of

This paper identifies a set of critical assessment indicators (CAIs) that can evaluate the multifaceted benefits of rural infrastructure investment in China. Research data were collected from a questionnaire survey to three groups of experts including government officers, professionals and business practitioners who are working in China’s housing and urban-rural development sector. The Fuzzy Set theory is used for establishing the CAIs, which appreciates the fuzziness of data from the questionnaire survey and thus increases the adequacy in the selection of the CAIs. The CAIs can help the local governments to make better decisions in investing in rural infrastructure in China. These critical indicators can also be generalized to provide valuable references for the investigation of rural infrastructure investment in other developing countries.

What's so Bad about Discrimination?

Utilitas ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHLOMI SEGALL
Keyword(s):  
Equality Of Opportunity ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Financial Compensation ◽  
Selection Of

The article argues that discrimination is bad as such when and because it undermines equality of opportunity. It shows, first, that other accounts, such as those concerning intent, efficiency, false representation, prejudice, respect and desert cannot account for the badness of discrimination as such. The inequality of opportunity account, in contrast, captures everything that is bad about discrimination. The article then addresses some counter-examples of practices that are discriminatory without arguably entailing inequality of opportunity, where the notable case is that of segregation. It is further demonstrated that the ‘equality of opportunity’ account successfully handles some of the tricky aspects associated with discrimination, such as those concerning the confinement of discrimination to salient groups, ‘buying off’ discriminatees by means of financial compensation, ‘discrimination’ in the selection of life partners, and the duties of employers.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Inequality of Opportunity in Health Care: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7792
Author(s):  
Chao Ma ◽  
Ze Song ◽  
Qingqing Zong
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Equality Of Opportunity ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Compensation Principle ◽  
Urban Rural

(1) Background: We aim to measure the urban-rural inequality of opportunity in healthcare in China based on the theory of Equality of Opportunity (EOp). (2) Methods: Following the compensation principle, we establish a decomposition strategy for the fairness gap, which we use for the measurement of the inequality of opportunity in urban-rural healthcare utilization. We then use China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data from 1997 to 2006 to calculate the fairness gap. (3) Results: Empirical analysis using CHNS data shows that the ratio of the fairness gap to the directly observed average urban-rural difference in healthcare was 1.167 for 1997–2000 and 1.744 for 2004–2006. The average urban-rural difference observed directly from original statistical data may have underestimated the degree of this essential inequity. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that upgrading urban-rural reimbursement ratios may not be sufficient in eliminating the inequality of opportunity in healthcare utilization between urban and rural residents. Within the context of an urban-rural dualistic social structure and widening of the urban-rural income gap, a shift to a pro-disadvantaged policy will be a more effective approach in promoting equality of opportunity in healthcare.

scholarly journals Nationwide inventory of mosquito biodiversity (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium, Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Versteirt ◽  
S. Boyer ◽  
D. Damiens ◽  
E.M. De Clercq ◽  
W. Dekoninck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTo advance our restricted knowledge on mosquito biodiversity and distribution in Belgium, a national inventory started in 2007 (MODIRISK) based on a random selection of 936 collection points in three main environmental types: urban, rural and natural areas. Additionally, 64 sites were selected because of the risk of importing a vector or pathogen in these sites. Each site was sampled once between May and October 2007 and once in 2008 using Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps. Diversity in pre-defined habitat types was calculated using three indices. The association between species and environmental types was assessed using a correspondence analysis. Twenty-three mosquito species belonging to traditionally recognized genera were found, including 21 indigenous and two exotic species. Highest species diversity (Simpson 0.765) and species richness (20 species) was observed in natural areas, although urban sites scored also well (Simpson 0.476, 16 species). Four clusters could be distinguished based on the correspondence analysis. The first one is related to human modified landscapes (such as urban, rural and industrial sites). A second is composed of species not associated with a specific habitat type, including the now widely distributed Anopheles plumbeus. A third group includes species commonly found in restored natural or bird migration areas, and a fourth cluster is composed of forest species. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed sampling scheme and support the choice of the trap type. Obtained results of this first country-wide inventory of the Culicidae in Belgium may serve as a basis for risk assessment of emerging mosquito-borne diseases.

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