Innovation and knowledge spillovers in Turkey: The role of geographic and organizational proximity

BACKGROUND: The current pandemic crisis evidences the importance of questioning and reconsidering the evolution of organizational proximity and the crucial role of digitalization in the emergence of new characteristics, forms and configurations of organizational proximity. OBJECTIVE: This article presents a conceptual study aimed at analyzing the evolution of organizational proximity in the context of digitalization. METHODS: Adopting a systemic-cognitive approach inspired by existing studies on management cognition and the biology of cognition, this article first presents an analytical review of existing research in organizational studies and proposes a taxonomy of proximity based on the forms and characteristics identified in the organizational context. Second, it introduces the notion of a proximity unit, based on which a conceptual framework for analyzing organizational proximity is conceived. RESULTS: Based on the proposed framework, this article analyzes the new characteristics and forms of organizational proximity and identifies possible configurations of organizational proximity by pointing out the emergence of substituted proximity propelled by digitalization and formulating six propositions. CONCLUSIONS: The article ends by arguing that it is important for organizations to conceive a composite proximity strategy by taking into account the effect of substituted proximity, driven by digitalization, in the configuration of organizational proximity.

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Knowledge spillovers from FDI in China: The role of educated labor in multinational enterprises

Journal of Asian Economics ◽

10.1016/j.asieco.2009.09.002 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 626-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yasuyuki Todo ◽

Weiying Zhang ◽

Li-An Zhou

Keyword(s):

Multinational Enterprises ◽

Knowledge Spillovers

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Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000

Enterprise & Society ◽

10.1017/eso.2016.50 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 146-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

GEOFFREY JONES ◽

ANDREW SPADAFORA

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Knowledge Spillovers ◽

Critical Role ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

National Image ◽

Positive Externalities ◽

Resource Endowment ◽

The Government ◽

New Industry

Between the 1970s and the 2000s, Costa Rica became established as the world’s leading ecotourism destination. This article argues that although Costa Rica benefited from biodiversity and a pleasant climate, the country’s preeminence in ecotourism requires more than a natural resource endowment explanation. While previous literature has emphasized the efforts of the government and nongovernment organizations, this article demonstrates the critical role of small entrepreneurs in the co-creation of the industry. Making extensive use of oral history, the article explores the role of tour companies in drawing affluent Western ecotourists to the country, and of the creators of ecolodges and other forms of accommodation in providing them with somewhere to stay. Clustering created positive externalities, drawing new entrepreneurs into the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers. There were downsides to the new industry. The creation of the national image of a natural paradise enabled many businesses which were not environmentally sustainable to free ride on the green image.

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