scholarly journals Anchoring Measurement of the Middle‐Income Class to Subjective Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grazia Pittau ◽  
Roberto Zelli
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Class

Profile, Gaming Usage and Purposes of Gaming of Internet Café Users in Manila

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Ana Clariza Natanauan ◽  
Jenmart Bonifacio ◽  
Mikael Manuel ◽  
Rex Bringula ◽  
John Benedic Enriquez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Class ◽  
College Degrees ◽  
Strategy Games

This descriptive-exploratory study attempted to give the readers a portrait of cyber café gamers in Manila. It determined the profile of gamers, their gaming usage, and their purposes of cyber café gaming. Descriptive statistics revealed that most of the respondents were Manila settlers, students, pursuing or had obtained college degrees, male, young, Roman Catholic, single, belonged to middle-income class, and played games in cyber cafés in the afternoon once to twice a week. One-way chi-square showed that frequency of gaming was not equally distributed in a week and gamers showed tendency to play games in a cyber in a particular time of the day. Real-time strategy games were the most frequently played games in cyber cafés. To recreate, to relieve boredom, and to have fun were the top three reasons in playing games in cyber cafés. Conclusions and directions for future research were also presented.

Multidimensional poverty in urban Brazil: income, assets and expenses

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Golgher
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Multidimensional Deprivation ◽  
Information Assets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present deprivation in urban Brazil in a multidimensional perspective with dimensions related to household’s objective information, assets in the household, subjective evaluation concerning the dwelling and expenses. Design/methodology/approach – The author used factorial analysis applied to the Brazilian Household Budget Survey. Most dimensions showed a positive correlation with income, while for others it was not observed any significant difference between income ranges. Some types of deprivation specially touched low-income households, while other dimensions differentiated middle-income households, or even higher income households. The author applied a fuzzy perspective to define deprivation membership in each dimension with the use of a modified logistic function. The author observed that households with similar income faced different levels of deprivation in many dimensions. Findings – The author showed that there were significant differences in household’s expense preferences and profiles linked to these findings. Households with high levels of food deprivation relatively spend more on household’s rent, taxes and services, indicating that shelter and then food in the household are the very basic goods. Larger relative expenses with food in the household indicated higher levels of deprivation in all other dimensions, indicating that due to these higher food expenditures, the households could not overcome the deprivation in other dimensions. Households that spend more on smoke and gambling faced higher deprivation in most dimensions, suggesting different expenses priorities, less household oriented. Originality/value – To the best of the knowledge, this is the first attempt to link multidimensional deprivation and expenses profile for Brazilian data.

scholarly journals Analysis of Inter-Temporal Change in the Energy and CO2 Emissions Efficiency of Economies: A Two Divisional Network DEA Approach

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3300
Author(s):  
Khalid Mehmood ◽  
Yaser Iftikhar ◽  
Shouming Chen ◽  
Shaheera Amin ◽  
Alia Manzoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
High Income ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Class ◽  
Network Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Production And Distribution

Measuring changes in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of various large economies is fundamental for analyzing the impact and effectiveness of various policies in this direction. This study analyzes intertemporal changes in energy and CO2 emissions efficiency of economies by applying a network data envelopment analysis approach that takes into consideration the internal structure of the analysis units. We have applied two divisional network data envelopment analysis models for analysis of the economic and distributive efficiency of economies from 2001 to 2011. The results are very useful in analyzing the situation; we found that none of the economies was efficient in both aspects in the sample period, implying that none of the countries in the analysis was efficient in the production and distribution of economic outputs simultaneously. Brazil, Canada, China and Germany showed improvement in economic efficiency but the distribution efficiency of the most of the economies is low because of the increase in population and high-income class. Most of the countries had an increase in the high-income class but China performed better in the second division because it has managed to improve its middle-income class in the recent past by moving more people from low-income class to middle income class. It is suggested that countries should emphasize on economic restructuring and expansion of the middle-income class to improve their performance in the production and distribution of economic outputs.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Income-Class Consumption Patterns

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaVaughn M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Class ◽  
The Face

This Commentary investigates whether there has been a growing divergence in the consumption of luxury and necessity goods across income classes. The analysis shows that while necessities represent a majority of the consumption basket for lower and middle income quintiles, their consumption of necessities in inflation-adjusted dollars has been declining in the face of higher prices of such goods and stagnant income growth. Higher income quintiles have seen increases in their consumption of luxuries, simultaneous with a decline in their consumption of necessities.

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