scholarly journals Smoke screen: Estimating the tax pass-through to cigarette prices in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. e1-e15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhan Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Pass Through ◽  
Cigarette Prices

scholarly journals The effect of excise tax increases on cigarette prices in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Linegar ◽  
Corne van Walbeek
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Cigarette Prices

IntroductionThe effectiveness of excise tax increases as a tool for reducing tobacco consumption depends largely on how the tax increases impact the retail price. We estimate this relationship in South Africa for 2001–2015.DataStatistics South Africa provided disaggregated cigarette price data, used in the calculation of the Consumers’ Price Index. Data on the excise tax per cigarette were obtained from Budget Reviews prepared by the National Treasury of South Africa.MethodsRegression equations were estimated for each month. The month-on-month change in cigarette prices in February through April was regressed against March’s excise tax change to estimate the pass-through coefficient. For the other 9 months, the month-on-month change in cigarette price was regressed against monthly dummy variables to determine the size of the non-tax-related price increase in each of these months. The analysis was performed in both nominal and real (inflation-adjusted) terms.FindingsExpressed in real terms, the excise tax was undershifted. A R1.00 (one rand) increase in the excise tax is associated with an increase in the retail price of cigarettes of R0.90 in the pre-2010 period, and R0.49 in the post-2010 period. In the pre-2010 period, the tobacco industry increased the retail price of cigarettes in July/August, independent of the excise tax increase. The discretionary July/August price increases largely disappeared after 2010, primarily because the market became more competitive.ConclusionThe degree of excise tax pass-through, and the magnitude of discretionary increases in cigarette prices, is significantly determined by the competitive environment in the cigarette market.

Instrumentation for detecting channelling radiation in the high-voltage electron microscope

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
J. H. Butler ◽  
C. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Laboratory Frame ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Dipole Emission ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Incident Beam Energy ◽  
Increasing Function

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted when fast (relativistic) electrons pass through crystal targets which are oriented in a preferential (channelling) direction with respect to the incident beam. In the classical sense, the electrons perform sinusoidal oscillations as they propagate through the crystal (as illustrated in Fig. 1 for the case of planar channelling). When viewed in the electron rest frame, this motion, a result of successive Bragg reflections, gives rise to familiar dipole emission. In the laboratory frame, the radiation is seen to be of a higher energy (because of the Doppler shift) and is also compressed into a narrower cone of emission (due to the relativistic “searchlight” effect). The energy and yield of this monochromatic light is a continuously increasing function of the incident beam energy and, for beam energies of 1 MeV and higher, it occurs in the x-ray and γ-ray regions of the spectrum. Consequently, much interest has been expressed in regard to the use of this phenomenon as the basis for fabricating a coherent, tunable radiation source.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

A New High Intensity Grid Cap for RCA-EMU-3 Electron Microscopes

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
George Christov ◽  
Bolivar J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Ground Potential

A new high intensity grid cap has been designed for the RCA-EMU-3 electron microscope. Various parameters of the new grid cap were investigated to determine its characteristics. The increase in illumination produced provides ease of focusing on the fluorescent screen at magnifications from 1500 to 50,000 times using an accelerating voltage of 50 KV.The EMU-3 type electron gun assembly consists of a V-shaped tungsten filament for a cathode with a thin metal threaded cathode shield and an anode with a central aperture to permit the beam to course the length of the column. The cathode shield is negatively biased at a potential of several hundred volts with respect to the filament. The electron beam is formed by electrons emitted from the tip of the filament which pass through an aperture of 0.1 inch diameter in the cap and then it is accelerated by the negative high voltage through a 0.625 inch diameter aperture in the anode which is at ground potential.

Immunocytochemical localization of p65 with one-nanometer gold particles following silver development

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1042-1043
Author(s):  
Richard W. Burry ◽  
Diane M. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Label Distribution ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemistry localization of the neuron specific protein p65 could show which organelles contain this antigen. Antibodies (Ab) labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) followed by chromogen development show a broad diffuse label distribution within cells and restricting identification of organelles. Particulate label (e.g. 10 nm colloidal gold) is highly desirable but not practical because penetration into cells requires destroying the plasma membrane. We report pre-embedding immunocytochemistry with a particulate marker, 1 nm gold, that will pass through membranes treated with saponin, a mild detergent.Cell cultures of the rat cerebellum were fixed in buffered 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde (Glut.). The buffer for all incubations and rinses was phosphate buffered saline with: 1% calf serum, 0.2% saponin, 0.1% gelatin, 50 mM glycine 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and (not in the HRP labeled cultures) 0.02% sodium azide. The monoclonal #48 to p65 was used with three label systems: HRP, 1 nm avidin gold with IntenSE M development, and 1 nm avidin gold with Danscher development.

Is there an electron wind?

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-799
Author(s):  
L. D. Marks ◽  
J. P. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Electron Wind ◽  
Inelastic Scatter

A not uncommon question in electron microscopy is what happens to the momentum transferred by the electron beam to a crystal. If the beam passes through a crystal and is preferentially diffracted in one direction, is the momentum ’lost’ by the beam transferred to the crystal? Newton’s third law implies that this must be the case. Some experimental observations also indicate that this is the case; for instance, with small particles if the particles are supported on the top surface of a film they often do not line up on the zone axis, but if they are on the bottom they do. However, if momentum is transferred to the crystal, then surely we are dealing with inelastic scattering, not elastic scattering and is not the scattering probability different? In addition, normally we consider inelastic scatter as incoherent, and therefore the part of the electron wave that is inelastically scattered will not coherently interfere with the part of the wave that is scattered; but, electron holography and high resolution electron microscopy work so the wave passing through a specimen must be coherent with the wave that does not pass through the specimen.

Pelvic Impairments

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
James Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Ring ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Pelvic Fractures ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Impact Event ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Rating Process ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Pelvic fractures are relatively uncommon, and in workers’ compensation most pelvic fractures are the result of an acute, high-impact event such as a fall from a roof or an automobile collision. A person with osteoporosis may sustain a pelvic fracture from a lower-impact injury such as a minor fall. Further, major parts of the bladder, bowel, reproductive organs, nerves, and blood vessels pass through the pelvic ring, and traumatic pelvic fractures that result from a high-impact event often coincide with damaged organs, significant bleeding, and sensory and motor dysfunction. Following are the steps in the rating process: 1) assign the diagnosis and impairment class for the pelvis; 2) assign the functional history, physical examination, and clinical studies grade modifiers; and 3) apply the net adjustment formula. Because pelvic fractures are so uncommon, raters may be less familiar with the rating process for these types of injuries. The diagnosis-based methodology for rating pelvic fractures is consistent with the process used to rate other musculoskeletal impairments. Evaluators must base the rating on reliable data when the patient is at maximum medical impairment and must assess possible impairment from concomitant injuries.

Dietary intake of tryptophan tied emotion-related impulsivity in humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Javelle ◽  
Descartes Li ◽  
Philipp Zimmer ◽  
Sheri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Tryptophan ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract. Emotion-related impulsivity, defined as the tendency to say or do things that one later regret during periods of heightened emotion, has been tied to a broad range of psychopathologies. Previous work has suggested that emotion-related impulsivity is tied to an impaired function of the serotonergic system. Central serotonin synthesis relies on the intake of the essential amino acid, tryptophan and its ability to pass through the blood brain barrier. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between emotion-related impulsivity and tryptophan intake. Methods: Undergraduate participants (N = 25, 16 women, 9 men) completed a self-rated measure of impulsivity (Three Factor Impulsivity Index, TFI) and daily logs of their food intake and exercise. These data were coded using the software NutriNote to evaluate intakes of tryptophan, large neutral amino acids, vitamins B6/B12, and exercise. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that higher tryptophan intake was associated with significantly lower scores on two out of three subscales of the TFI, Pervasive Influence of Feelings scores r =  –.502, p < . 010, and (lack-of) Follow-Through scores, r =  –.407, p < . 050. Conclusion: Findings provide further evidence that emotion-related impulsivity is correlated to serotonergic indices, even when considering only food habits. It also suggests the need for more research on whether tryptophan supplements might be beneficial for impulsive persons suffering from a psychological disorder.

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