scholarly journals Impact of early life exposures on COPD in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Respirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Duan ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Rongqing Lin ◽  
Yiming Zeng ◽  
Chengshui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Early Life Exposures

Association between early antibiotic exposure and risk of childhood weight gain and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aghaali ◽  
Seyed Saeed Hashemi-Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Childhood Weight

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown that antibiotic exposure during infancy is associated with increased body mass in healthy children. This study was performed to investigate the association between early-life antibiotic exposure and risk of childhood obesity. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to comprehensively and quantitatively determine the association between early antibiotic exposure and risk of childhood obesity. Various databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool the statistical estimates. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was performed based on the time of follow-up. Results Nineteen studies involving at least 671,681 participants were finally included. Antibiotic exposure in early life was significantly associated with risk of childhood weight gain and obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.06). Conclusions Antibiotic exposure in early life significantly increases the risk of childhood weight gain and obesity.

Early-Life Risk Factors for Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Jie Wang ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Jie-Qiong Li ◽  
Xi-Peng Cao ◽  
Lan Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Later Life

scholarly journals Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life Increases Risk of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Shao ◽  
Xiaolian Ding ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Xiaofei An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Cohort Studies Examining Unintentional Injury in Young Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2333794X1877421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Zonfrillo ◽  
James G. Linakis ◽  
Eunice S. Yang ◽  
Michael J. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Early Life Exposures ◽  
Injury Definition

Objective. Injury is the leading cause of death and long-term disability in children. Longitudinal cohorts are designed to follow subjects longitudinally in order to determine if early-life exposures are related to certain health outcomes. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies of children from birth through 5 years who were followed longitudinally with unintentional injury as an outcome of interest. Results. Of the 1892 unique references based on the search criteria, 12 (published between 2000 and 2013) were included. The studies varied on the population of focus, injury definition, and incidence rates. Existing studies that longitudinally follow children aged 0 to 5 years are limited in number, scope, and generalizability. Conclusions. Further study using population-based longitudinal cohorts is necessary to more comprehensively estimate incidence of injury in young children.

scholarly journals Early life factors for endometriosis: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolína Olšarová ◽  
Gita D Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Life Factors ◽  
Early Life Exposures

Abstract BACKGROUND Despite its high prevalence and health burden, many aspects of endometriosis remain unclear, including risk factors and the underlying biological mechanisms. Exposures during early life, including in utero, are thought to play an important role in the subsequent onset of the condition. To date, however, much of the evidence from studies on early life exposures and diagnosed endometriosis appears mixed and difficult to assess. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This study aims to provide a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence on early life factors associated with the subsequent diagnosis of endometriosis. In utero and early life exposures have previously been linked to a range of adult health outcomes, including infertility. SEARCH METHODS A systematic review of case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies was conducted using the search terms ‘endometriosis’[MeSH] AND (‘risk factors’[MeSH] OR ‘protective factors’[MeSH]) AND (‘in utero’, ‘fetal’, ‘neonatal, ‘perinatal’, ‘developmental origins’, ‘early life’, ‘childhood’ OR ‘life course’) in Embase, PubMed and Scopus databases. The review included articles published in English until 10 June 2018 with original data from studies with diagnosed endometriosis. The quality of primary studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale by both authors independently. Due to the degree of inconsistency in the measurements and study methods, a qualitative assessment of findings was undertaken rather than meta-analysis. OUTCOMES The search retrieved 70 records without duplicates that contained 20 records on human case–control, cross-sectional or cohort studies, from which 11 papers/studies were selected based on their assessment score. The majority of studies found that women born with low birthweight (<2.5 kg or <5.5 lb) were more likely to be diagnosed with endometriosis. For other early life factors, the evidence is mixed or limited, with further research needed on the association of endometriosis with preterm birth, in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol and to maternal smoking, passive smoking in early life, and infant formula feeding (compared with breastfeeding). WIDER IMPLICATIONS While the weight of evidence points to low birthweight as a risk factor for diagnosis of endometriosis, future research is warranted on this and other key early life exposures where the findings are mixed to provide more robust evidence and for insights on potential causal pathways. Such research, however, needs to address current methodological issues, such as the use of prospective data from large population-based studies, better diagnostic methods to confirm disease free status, more consistent definitions of variables and consideration of potential biological mechanisms to guide the analyses. The improvements will advance the future synthesis of evidence to support clinically relevant risk assessment for a more timely diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.

scholarly journals Do early life “non-cognitive skills” matter? A systematic review and meta-analysis of early life effects on academic achievement, psychosocial, language and cognitive, and health outcomes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa G. Smithers ◽  
Alyssa C. P. Sawyer ◽  
Catherine R. Chittleborough ◽  
Neil Davies ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractBackgroundSuccess in school and the labour market is due to more than just high intelligence. Associations between traits such as attention, self-regulation, and perseverance in childhood, and later outcomes have been investigated by psychologists, economists, and epidemiologists. Such traits have been loosely referred to as “non-cognitive” skills. There has been no attempt to systematically assess the relative importance of non-cognitive skills in early life on later outcomes.MethodsThe systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42013006566) in December 2013. We systematically reviewed electronic databases covering psychology, education, health and economics for articles published from database conception until September 2015. Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility, and from eligible articles data was extracted on study design, sample type and size, age of participants at exposure and outcome, loss to follow up, measurement of exposure and outcome, type of intervention and comparison group, confounding adjustment and results. Where possible we extracted a standardised effect size. We reviewed all studies and rated their evidence quality as ‘better, weak, or poor’ on the basis of study design and potential for confounding, selection and measurement bias.ResultsWe reviewed 375 studies and provided interpretation of results from 142 (38%) better quality studies comprising randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental, fixed effects including twin studies, longitudinal and some cross-sectional designs that made reasonable attempts to control confounding. In the academic achievement category outcomes were reported in 78 publications of better quality studies which were consistent with 0.1-0.2 SD effects.Psychosocial outcomes were reported in 65 better quality studies consistent with effects of 0.3-0.4 SD. For the language and cognitive category there were 42 publications reporting better quality studies consistent with effects of 0.3-0.4 SD. For physical health, results across only eight better quality studies were inconsistent but centred around zero. Analysis of funnel plots consistently showed asymmetric distributions, raising the potential of small study bias which may inflate these observed effects.ConclusionsThe evidence under-pinning the importance of non-cognitive skills for life success is diverse and inconsistent. Nevertheless, there is tentative evidence from published studies that non-cognitive skills associate with modest improvements in academic achievement, psychosocial, and language and cognitive outcomes with effects in the range of 0.2-0.4 SD. The quality of evidence under-pinning this field is generally low with more than a third of studies making little or no attempt to control even the most basic confounding (endogeneity) bias. The evidence could be improved by adequately powering studies, and using procedures and tools that improve the conduct and reporting of RCTs and observational studies. Interventions designed to develop children’s non-cognitive skills could potentially improve opportunities, particularly for disadvantaged children. The inter-disciplinary researchers interested in these skills should take a more rigorous approach to determine which interventions are most effective.

scholarly journals Adult mortality in children exposed to state care: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David Batty ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Philipp Frank
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Public Care ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundRemoval from family of origin to placement in state care is a highly challenging and increasingly prevalent childhood experience. The purpose of this report was to synthesise published and unpublished prospective evidence on adult mortality in people with a history of state care in early life.MethodsFor this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed and Embase from their inception to May 31st 2021, extracting standard estimates of association and variance from qualifying studies. We augmented these findings with analyses of unpublished individual-participant data from the 1958 and 1970 Birth Cohort Studies (total N = 21,936). Study-specific estimates were aggregated using random-effect meta-analysis. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess study quality. This review is PROSPERO-registered (CRD42021254665).FindingsWe identified 209 potentially eligible published articles, of which 11 prospective cohort studies from the UK, Sweden, Finland, the USA, and Canada met the inclusion criteria (2 unpublished). In 2,273,998 individuals (10 studies), relative to those without a care history in childhood, those who were exposed had 2.5 times the risk of total mortality in adulthood (summary rate ratio; 95% confidence interval: 2.58; 1.96 to 3.39), study-specific estimates varying between 1.53 and 5.77 (I2=92%). Despite some attenuation, this association held following adjustment for other measures of early life adversity; extended into middle- and older-age; was stronger in higher quality studies; and was of equal magnitude according to sex and geographical region. There was a suggestion of sensitive periods of exposure to care, whereby individuals who entered public care for the first time in adolescence (3.54; 2.00 to 6.29) experienced greater rates of total mortality than those doing so earlier in the life course (1.69; 1.35 to 2.12). In five studies capturing 1,524,761 individuals (5 studies), children in care had more than three times the risk of competed suicide in adulthood (3.37; 2.64 to 4.30) with study-specific estimates ranging between 2.42 and 5.85 (I2=68%). The magnitude of this relationship was weaker after adjustment for multiple covariates; in men versus women; and in lower quality studies.InterpretationThe excess rates of total and suicide mortality in children exposed to state care suggest child protection systems and social policy following care graduation are insufficient to mitigate the effects of the adverse experiences of care itself and the social disadvantage that preceded it.FundingNone.Research in contextEvidence before this studyExposure to state care during childhood has emerging links with an array of unfavourable social, psychological, and behavioural characteristics in early adulthood. We searched PubMed and Embase from their inception to May 31st 2021 for studies examining whether care is also related to elevated rates of adult mortality. While we identified a series of relevant studies, there was no synthesis of this evidence. Few studies utilised a prospective design such that the assessment of care was made in childhood, so avoiding biases of distant retrospective recall. There was also a lack of clarity regarding: the role of confounding factors; the influence of the timing of care entry on mortality; whether the impact of care extended into middle-age and beyond; and, as has been hypothesised, if men with a care history have a greater vulnerability than women.Added value of this studyWe conducted a systematic review to synthesis evidence on adult mortality risk in children placed in state care. Drawing also on unpublished resources to complement the findings of published studies, a total of 10 studies consistently showed that exposure to state care in childhood was associated with more than a doubling in the risk of total mortality. This association, while attenuated, held following statistical adjustment for other early life risk factors, including other adversities; extended into later adulthood such that it did not exclusively occur immediately following graduation from care; was stronger in better designed studies; and was of equal magnitude in men and women. There was also a suggestion of sensitive periods of exposure to care, whereby individuals who entered public care for the first time in adolescence experienced greater rates of total mortality in adulthood than those doing so earlier in the life course. The magnitude of the association between childhood care and adult risk of completed suicide (5 studies) were somewhat higher than for total mortality. This relationship was not completely explained by control for other early life risk factors; and the magnitude was somewhat weaker in lower quality studies, and in men versus women. There were too few studies to explore the impact of care on other causes of mortality.Implications of all the available evidenceIn recent years there has been a secular rise in the prevalence of children in state care in western societies. This excess mortality risk in this group did not appear to be attributable to other measures of adversity, suggesting that, in the countries studied, child protection systems and social policy following care graduation are insufficient to mitigate the effects of the adverse experiences of care itself and the unfavourable events that preceded it.

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