Early and late selection modulate competition for representation: Evidence from the N2pc in a multiple frame procedure

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébrina Aubin ◽  
Pierre Jolicoeur
2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2919-2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian YI ◽  
Yu-Xin PENG ◽  
Jian-Guo XIAO

Author(s):  
Robert A. Lazenby ◽  
Ryan J. White

This review discusses a broad range of recent advances (2013-2017) of chemical imaging using electrochemical methods, with a particular focus on techniques that have been applied to study cellular processes, or techniques that show promise for use in this field in the future. Non-scanning techniques such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs) offer high time-resolution (< 10 ms) imaging, however at reduced spatial resolution. In contrast, scanning electrochemical probe microscopies (SEPMs) offer higher spatial resolution (as low as a few nm per pixel) imaging, with images collected typically over many minutes. Recent significant research efforts to improve the spatial resolution of SEPMs using nanoscale probes, and to improve the temporal resolution using fast scanning have resulted in movie (multiple frame) imaging with frame rates as low as a few seconds per image. Many SEPM techniques lack chemical specificity or have poor selectivity (defined by the choice of applied potential for redox-active species). This can be improved using multifunctional probes, ion-selective electrodes and tip-integrated biosensors, although additional effort may be required to preserve sensor performance after miniaturization of these probes. We discuss advances to the field of electrochemical imaging, and technological developments which are anticipated to extend the range of processes that can be studied. This includes imaging cellular processes with increased sensor selectivity and at much improved spatiotemporal resolution than has been previously customary.


Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehoshua Tsal

Four studies are reported that demonstrate effects of attention on early perceptual processes. These studies show that directing attention to stimulus location influences perceived brightness, perceived length, and the overall organisation of the Müller-Lyer figure and ambiguous figures. Since in all four studies the dependent measure was dissociated from the attentional instructions, the results are not open to traditional criticism of late-selection advocates, and therefore provide strong support for early-selection views of attention.


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