Early selection, late selection, and the partitioning of structure.

2004 ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Donald Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Early Selection ◽  
Late Selection

Effects of Attention on Perception of Features and Figural Organisation

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehoshua Tsal
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Stimulus Location ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Ambiguous Figures ◽  
Directing Attention ◽  
Late Selection

Four studies are reported that demonstrate effects of attention on early perceptual processes. These studies show that directing attention to stimulus location influences perceived brightness, perceived length, and the overall organisation of the Müller-Lyer figure and ambiguous figures. Since in all four studies the dependent measure was dissociated from the attentional instructions, the results are not open to traditional criticism of late-selection advocates, and therefore provide strong support for early-selection views of attention.

scholarly journals The Dissociation between Early and Late Selection in Older Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2189-2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany R. Alperin ◽  
Anna E. Haring ◽  
Tatyana Y. Zhuravleva ◽  
Phillip J. Holcomb ◽  
Dorene M. Rentz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Late Selection

Older adults exhibit a reduced ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli; however, it remains to be determined where along the information processing stream the most salient age-associated changes occur. In the current study, ERPs provided an opportunity to determine whether age-related differences in processing task-irrelevant stimuli were uniform across information processing stages or disproportionately affected either early or late selection. ERPs were measured in young and old adults during a color-selective attention task in which participants responded to target letters in a specified color (attend condition) while ignoring letters in a different color (ignore condition). Old participants were matched to two groups of young participants on the basis of neuropsychological test performance: one using age-appropriate norms and the other using test scores not adjusted for age. There were no age-associated differences in the magnitude of early selection (attend–ignore), as indexed by the size of the anterior selection positivity and posterior selection negativity. During late selection, as indexed by P3b amplitude, both groups of young participants generated neural responses to target letters under the attend versus ignore conditions that were highly differentiated. In striking contrast, old participants generated a P3b to target letters with no reliable differences between conditions. Individuals who were slow to initiate early selection appeared to be less successful at executing late selection. Despite relative preservation of the operations of early selection, processing delays may lead older participants to allocate excessive resources to task-irrelevant stimuli during late selection.

Selective Instability: Maternal Effort and the Evolution of Gene Activation and Deactivation Rates

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-326
Author(s):  
Carlo C. Maley ◽  
Stephen J. Tapscott
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Stochastic Systems ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Activation Rates ◽  
Maternal Effort ◽  
Late Selection

We previously used simulations of gene expression to demonstrate that rapid activation and deactivation rates stabilized outcomes in stochastic systems. We hypothesized that transient single allele inactivation of an autosomal gene during gametogenesis or very early embryogenesis could have a selective advantage if it permits the functional sampling of each allele and precludes committing maternal effort to an embryo with a deleterious mutation. To test this hypothesis, we simulated the evolution of gene expression activation and deactivation rates and imposed two different selective pressures on the populations: (a) late selection against individuals that cannot maintain a threshold level of gene product that occurs after the investment of maternal effort (i.e., after birth); or (b) early selection: in addition to late selection, maintenance of the gene product above a threshold level was necessary for early development prior to commitment of maternal effort. We found that the opportunity to save reproductive effort from early selection caused the evolution of higher deactivation rates and lower activation rates than in the late selection condition. Thus, we predict that in the special case where early selection can save maternal investment in non-viable offspring, gene expression activation rates and deactivation rates might be selected to permit sampling of the product from each allele.

Mapping and validation of Anthocyanin1 pigmentation gene for its effectiveness in early selection of shrunken2 gene governing kernel sweetness in maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Chhabra ◽  
Firoz Hossain ◽  
Vignesh Muthusamy ◽  
Aanchal Baveja ◽  
Brijesh Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Selection ◽  
Pigmentation Gene ◽  
Selection Of

Age trends in genetic parameters for growth performance across country-wide provenances of the iconic conifer tree Araucaria angustifolia show strong prospects for systematic breeding and early selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 119671
Author(s):  
Rafael T. Resende ◽  
Pedro Italo T. Silva ◽  
Orzenil B. Silva-Junior ◽  
Miguel L. Menezes Freitas ◽  
Alexandre M. Sebbenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Conifer Tree ◽  
Age Trends
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