scholarly journals Good practices for the design, analysis, and interpretation of observational studies on birth spacing and perinatal health outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Hutcheon ◽  
Susan Moskosky ◽  
Cande V. Ananth ◽  
Olga Basso ◽  
Peter A. Briss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Design Analysis ◽  
Perinatal Health ◽  
Good Practices

scholarly journals A Simple And Effective Approach For Analyzing Multivariate Longitudinal Health Outcomes In Observational Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. A167
Author(s):  
E. Kuhn ◽  
R. Spielmann ◽  
L. Ochs ◽  
W.Y. Koh ◽  
C. Tu
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Observational Studies

The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Marx ◽  
Nicola Veronese ◽  
Jaimon T Kelly ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Meghan Hockey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽  
Credibility Assessment ◽  
Umbrella Review ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Study Designs

ABSTRACT Numerous observational studies have investigated the role of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) in chronic disease risk. The aims of this umbrella review and integrated meta-analyses were to systematically synthesize the observational evidence reporting on the associations between the DII and health outcomes based on meta-analyses, and to assess the quality and strength of the evidence for each associated outcome. This umbrella review with integrated meta-analyses investigated the association between the DII and a range of health outcomes based on meta-analyses of observational data. A credibility assessment was conducted for each outcome using the following criteria: statistical heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, evidence for small-study effect and/or excess significance bias, as well as effect sizes and P values using calculated random effects meta-analyses. In total, 15 meta-analyses reporting on 38 chronic disease-related outcomes were included, incorporating a total population of 4,360,111 subjects. Outcomes (n = 38) were examined through various study designs including case-control (n = 8), cross-sectional (n = 5), prospective (n = 5), and combination (n = 20) study designs. Adherence to a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern had a significant positive association with 27 (71%) of the included health outcomes (P value < 0.05). Using the credibility assessment, Class I (Convincing) evidence was identified for myocardial infarction only, Class II (Highly suggestive) evidence was identified for increased risk of all-cause mortality, overall risk of incident cancer, and risk of incident site-specific cancers (colorectal, pancreatic, respiratory, and oral cancers) with increasing (more pro-inflammatory) DII score. Most outcomes (n = 31) presented Class III (Suggestive) or lower evidence (Weak or No association). Pro-inflammatory dietary patterns were nominally associated with an increased risk of many chronic disease outcomes. However, the strength of evidence for most outcomes was limited. Further prospective studies are required to improve the precision of the effect size.

Lifestyle intervention strategies in early life to improve pregnancy outcomes and long-term health of offspring: a narrative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Gaillard ◽  
John Wright ◽  
Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Offspring Health

AbstractAdverse exposures during fetal life and the postnatal period influence physical, cognitive and emotional development, and predispose to an increased risk of various chronic diseases throughout the life course. Findings from large observational studies in various populations and experimental animal studies have identified different modifiable risk factors in early life. Adverse maternal lifestyle factors, including overweight, unhealthy diet, sedentary behavior, smoking, alcohol consumption and stress in the preconception period and during pregnancy, are the most common modifiable risk factors leading to a suboptimal in-utero environment for fetal development. In the postnatal period, breastfeeding, infant growth and infant dietary intake are important modifiable factors influencing long-term offspring health outcomes. Despite the large amount of findings from observational studies, translation to lifestyle interventions seems to be challenging. Currently, randomized controlled trials focused on the influence of lifestyle interventions in these critical periods on short-term and long-term maternal and offspring health outcomes are scarce, have major limitations and do not show strong effects on maternal and offspring outcomes. New and innovative approaches are needed to move from describing these causes of ill-health to start tackling them using intervention approaches. Future randomized controlled lifestyle intervention studies and innovative observational studies, using quasi-experimental designs, are needed focused on the effects of an integrated lifestyle advice from preconception onwards on pregnancy outcomes and long-term health outcomes in offspring on a population level.

Maternal and perinatal health outcomes by body mass index category

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie M. DODD ◽  
Rosalie M. GRIVELL ◽  
Anh-Minh NGUYEN ◽  
Annabelle CHAN ◽  
Jeffrey S. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass Index Category ◽  
Perinatal Health

scholarly journals Dietary Inflammatory Index and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang-Hua Liu ◽  
Chuan Liu ◽  
Ting-Ting Gong ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽  
Umbrella Review ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background and Aims: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is associated with non-communicable disease. We conducted an umbrella review to systematically evaluate meta-analyses of observational studies on DII and diverse health outcomes.Methods: We comprehensively searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify related systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Those investigating the association between DII and a wide range of health outcomes in humans were eligible for inclusion. For each meta-analysis, we estimated the summary effect size by using fixed and random effects models, the 95% confidence interval, and the 95% prediction interval. We assessed heterogeneity, evidence of small-study effects, and excess significance bias.Results: The umbrella review identified 35 meta-analyses assessing associations between DII and various health outcomes: cancer (n = 24), mortality (n = 4), metabolic (n = 4), and other (n = 3). The methodological quality was high or moderate. Of the 35 meta-analyses, we observed highly suggestive evidence for harmful associations between digestive tract cancer, colorectal cancer, overall cancer, pharyngeal cancer, UADT cancer, and CVD mortality. Moreover, 11 harmful associations showed suggestive evidence: hormone-dependent cancer, rectal cancer, colon cancer, breast and prostate cancer, gynecological cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, all-cause mortality, and depression.Conclusion: DII is likely to be associated with harmful effects in multiple health outcomes. Robust randomized controlled trials are warranted to understand whether the observed results are causal.Systematic Review Registration: CRD42021218361

scholarly journals Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Vega-López ◽  
Bernard Venn ◽  
Joanne Slavin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
The Relationship

Despite initial enthusiasm, the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response (GR) and disease prevention remains unclear. This review examines evidence from randomized, controlled trials and observational studies in humans for short-term (e.g., satiety) and long-term (e.g., weight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes) health effects associated with different types of GI diets. A systematic PubMed search was conducted of studies published between 2006 and 2018 with key words glycemic index, glycemic load, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, body weight, satiety, and obesity. Criteria for inclusion for observational studies and randomized intervention studies were set. The search yielded 445 articles, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Results suggest an equivocal relationship between GI/GR and disease outcome. The strongest intervention studies typically find little relationship among GI/GR and physiological measures of disease risk. Even for observational studies, the relationship between GI/GR and disease outcomes is limited. Thus, it is unlikely that the GI of a food or diet is linked to disease risk or health outcomes. Other measures of dietary quality, such as fiber or whole grains may be more likely to predict health outcomes. Interest in food patterns as predictors of health benefits may be more fruitful for research to inform dietary guidance.

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