scholarly journals There Is No Pure Empirical Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Huemer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Reasoning

Can a Planet in Peril Contain Geopolitical Rivalries?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore Mahbubani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
China’S Rise ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
Empirical Reasoning

This essay uses the tools of Western empirical reasoning to analyze the origins and driving forces of the ongoing geopolitical contest between China and the United States. The essay argues that the origins of the geopolitical contest lie in China’s rapid growth from the Deng era, the relative socioeconomic decline of the United States, and the failure of the United States to work out a rational, comprehensive strategy for managing China’s rise. Finally, in the fallout of the global COVID-19 pandemic, where the relations between the two countries have been further strained, the essay argues that the two countries can manage their geopolitical rivalry if they concentrate instead on five “noncontradictions” that also characterize their relationship: that between the fundamental national interests of both countries; in tackling climate change; in the ideological sphere; in the American and Chinese civilizations; and in their worldview.

scholarly journals Pedagogical Interaction between Teachers and Students: Mythologized vs Real World

Pedagogika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Audronė Juzė Juodaitytė ◽  
Daiva Malinauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Scientific Idea ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Culture ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Scientific Statement ◽  
Empirical Reasoning

The article reveals the complexity of the pedagogical interaction between a teacher and a student and its multi-sensibility. The explanation of pedagogical interaction requires deep scientific-philosophical and practical-constructivist perception of reality. It has been indicated that pedagogical interaction can be based on two cultures: one of them explains reality on the basis of the understanding that occurred in the past, another one explains it with the principles characteristic to the culture of a contemporary teacher. The interaction between pedagogical myths and mythologemes has been revealed. It has been described how these constructs function in pedagogical reality. Mythologized thinking has been analysed in parallel with scientific thinking. It has been explained how a scientific idea in pedagogical practice turns into a myth because not always the diversity of the contexts of culture is taken into account and there is a lack of understanding to which educational culture a scientific idea is appealing. The essence of scientific and empirical reasoning has been defined, their similarities, differences, features of expression in the diversity of the paradigms of modern education have been revealed. It has been indicated that when a scientific statement in pedagogical reality is accepted without a certain paradigmatic context that actualizes it, in this case a scientific idea loses its efficiency and does not influence the context of pedagogical interaction.

Advanced Introduction to Legal Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Alexander ◽  
◽  
Emily Sherwin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Reasoning ◽  
Canonical Texts

This insightful and highly readable Advanced Introduction provides a succinct, yet comprehensive, overview of legal reasoning, covering both reasoning from canonical texts and legal decision-making in the absence of rules. Overall, it argues that there are only two methods by which judges decide legal disputes: deductive reasoning from rules and unconstrained moral, practical, and empirical reasoning.

Quasi-empirical Reasoning (Lakatos)

2020 ◽  
pp. 703-705
Author(s):  
Bharath Sriraman ◽  
Nicholas Mousoulides
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Reasoning

scholarly journals On negative aspects of environmental and other non-profit organizations’ activities under conditions of global challenges and threats

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2152-2174
Author(s):  
Evgenii V. ZOLOTAREV ◽  
Sergei N. SIL’VESTROV ◽  
Vladimir G. STAROVOITOV ◽  
Yurii A. KRUPNOV ◽  
Il’ya V. SERGEEV
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
External Control ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Natural Resource Extraction ◽  
Empirical Reasoning ◽  
Non Profit Organizations ◽  
Development Objectives

Subject. This article considers the activities of international environmental and other non-profit organizations, in the context of continuing economic integration of countries. Their humanitarian reputation, potential, and pervasiveness are increasingly being used by the West in unfair competition in the markets for natural resource extraction and territory development. Objectives. The aim is to identify and assess possible threats to the economic security of the State, associated with the activities of environmental and other non-profit organizations in its territory. Methods. The study employs the dialectical method, systems approach, and tabular interpretation of empirical and factual information. In view of little knowledge of the problem in economic science, for our empirical reasoning and hypotheses, we perform the analysis of resonant examples of the influence of international organizations on economic processes in the State. Results. We examined negative aspects of activities of environmental organizations, potentially posing a threat to the economic security of the State. We analyzed examples that confirm the illegal actions of such movements, predicted their possible consequences, assessed resonant situations associated with the functioning of Greenpeace, WWF, and attempts to establish external control over political, social, and economic projects of the State. Conclusions. International non-profit organizations have a direct impact on government processes in the Russian Federation. It is important to establish and develop national environmental structures, implement awareness-raising activities, and support domestic science.

scholarly journals The human intellect is the source of its own problems: Ligands of fancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1270-C1270
Author(s):  
Bernhard Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Ligand Complex ◽  
Early Career Researchers ◽  
Scientific Epistemology ◽  
Empirical Reasoning ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
Strong Claim

Fundamental scientific epistemology requires that a strong claim is supported by strong and convincing proof. As an example, the proposition of a ligand bound to a target protein in a precise conformation and pose presents a very strong claim, and confirming (positive omit difference) electron density will provide the correspondingly strong experimental evidence. A survey of ligand structure models has revealed that in an unexpectedly large number of ligand structures, the required electron density is not present or does not sufficiently support the proposed ligand pose. Upon detailed analysis, it emerged that the origin of such fanciful models lies in the simple neglect of the most basic fundamentals of scientific epistemology, which appears not to be formally taught in some science curricula. A brief introduction into the importance of evidence and its balance with prior expectations in a Bayesian system of empirical reasoning on hand of protein-ligand complex structure examples is therefore provided for young and aspiring scientists. It particular affects early career researchers when fictitious models intended to support bio-medically relevant hypotheses delay the progress of science by unsupported claims: grants cannot be funded when they contradict models believed to be true, and valuable taxpayer money can be squandered trying to pursue science based on false premises. Poor and at minimum self-deceptive work threatens to become systemic and accepted over the course of time unless young researches take full ownership and responsibility for their exciting and important work and resist any postmodern relativism threatening to erode the credibility of their profession.

Quasi-empirical Reasoning (Lakatos)

2014 ◽  
pp. 511-513
Author(s):  
Bharath Sriraman ◽  
Nicholas Mousoulides
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Reasoning
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