scholarly journals Two-needle knitting and cross-knit looping: early bronze age pottery imprints from anatolia and the caucasus

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-297
Author(s):  
Claudia Sagona
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Caucasus

scholarly journals THE FLESH-HOOK FEATURING A SCENE OF FIST FIGHTING FROM A MAIKOP CULTURE DOLMEN NEAR THE VILLAGE OF TSARSKAYA IN THE NORTHWEST CAUCASUS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Трифонов ◽  
Н.И. Шишлина ◽  
А.Ю. Лобода ◽  
В.А. Хвостиков
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Temple Art ◽  
The Village ◽  
Portable Art

В статье приведены результаты всестороннего анализа уникального бронзового крюка с антропоморфными фигурками из дольмена эпохи ранней бронзы (прибл. 3200–2900 до н. э.) у ст. Царская (совр. Новосвободная) на Северо-Западном Кавказе. Установлено, что предмет отлит из мышьяковой бронзы по технологии утрачиваемой восковой модели, является крюком для вынимания мяса из котла и входит в набор церемониальной посуды для общественной трапезы. Изображения пары обнаженных мужчин, стоящих в боксерской стойке, представляют сцену ритуального поединка в присутствии или в честь божества, чьим атрибутом являются бычьи рога, на которых соперники стоят. Предмет в целом ассоциируется с темой погребального пира и погребальных игр. Вероятно, что сюжет и иконография изображений восходят к канонам храмового шумерского искусства раннединастического, а возможно, и более раннего времени. Адаптация этой темы в майкопской культурной среде объясняется ее принадлежностью к кругу культур самой северной периферии переднеазиатской цивилизации. Пара фигур, изображенная на крюке из Царской, является самым ранним образцом антропоморфной металлической мелкой пластики на Кавказе и, видимо, самым ранним в мире скульптурным изображением кулачного поединка. The paper reports on the results of comprehensive analysis of a unique bronze flesh-hook featuring anthropomorphic figures from an Early Bronze Age dolmen (ca. 3200–2900 BC) near the village of Tsarskaya (contemporary Novosvobodnaya) in the Northwest Caucasus (fig. 1). It was established that the flesh-hook was cast from arsenical bronze with the use of the lost wax method and was used to take meat out of a cauldron and, therefore, it entered a ceremonial table-ware set used in public feasts. The depicted pair of naked men in boxing stand (fig. 2; 3) represents a scene of ritual fight in the presence of or in honor of a deity whose attribute are bull horns (fig. 4), on which fighters are standing. As a whole, the item is associated with the theme of a funeral feast and funeral games. The narrative scene and iconography of the images are likely to have its roots in the canons of Sumerian temple art of the Early Dynastic period and, probably, even of the earlier time (fig. 5). The adaptation of this narrative to the Maikop cultural milieu is explained by its attribution to the circle of cultures located in the northernmost periphery of the Western Asia civilization. Two figures depicted on the Tsarskaya fleshhook represent the earliest example of anthropomorphic portable art in the Caucasus and the earliest sculptural image of fist fighting in the world.

Divergent Pottery Firing Practices at the Advent of the Early Bronze Age: The Social Integration of Crafts and Craftspeople at Kura-Araxes Sites in the Northeastern Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaryFran Heinsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production Regime ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Complex Relationships

ABSTRACTTwo separate pottery types, Kura-Araxes and Velikent Fine Wares can be found together at a number of Early Bronze Age sites in the Northeastern Caucasus. These ceramics are strikingly different in their appearance. Velikent Fine Ware bears indications that it may have been fired at a much higher temperature than Kura-Araxes wares. The obvious contrasts in their production raised suspicions that Velikent Fine Wares represented either an import or an intrusive production regime perhaps linked to the advent of Bronze metallurgy in this region or at least relying on a shared pyrotechnology. Prior results of Xeroradiographic analysis and INAA are merged with recent re-firing analysis to examine these hypotheses. The findings suggest that while a specific link between metal and pottery production cannot be confirmed, the emergence of divergent firing practices within an otherwise unified production tradition speaks to complex relationships between craftspeople within Early Bronze Age communities in the Caucasus.

scholarly journals OVCHULARTEPE SETTLEMENT AS A MAGNIFICENT MONUMENT OF ENEOLITHIC PERIOD AND EARLY BRONZE AGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Emin MAMMADOV
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Wide Range

Studying the Eneolithic Period and Early Bronze Age has always been one of the major problems of the Caucasus archeology. Ovchulartepe settlement is one of the monuments representing the both aforementioned periods in a wide range. Plenteous tangible cultural patterns were discovered in the settlement as a result of systematic archaeological investigations conducted during 2007-2013. Investigations conducted by both local and foreign researchers studied the remains of Ovchulartepe, ceramic products, fauna and flora, metal items, labor tools and so on. As a result of research work, it become known that people had started to settle in Ovchulartepe from  the middle of the  5th millennium BC, and there is a notable opportunity to study their economic and cultural relations with the countries of the Near East.

scholarly journals Salt‑exploitation techniques during the Early Bronze Age in the Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Caroline Hamon ◽  
Nicolas Gailhard ◽  
Gilles Fronteau
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Caucasus

scholarly journals The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Martin ◽  
Erwan Messager ◽  
Giorgi Bedianashvili ◽  
Nana Rusishvili ◽  
Elena Lebedeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

AbstractTwo millets, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, were domesticated in northern China, around 6000 BC. Although its oldest evidence is in Asia, possible independent domestication of these species in the Caucasus has often been proposed. To verify this hypothesis, a multiproxy research program (Orimil) was designed to detect the first evidence of millet in this region. It included a critical review of the occurrence of archaeological millet in the Caucasus, up to Antiquity; isotopic analyses of human and animal bones and charred grains; and radiocarbon dating of millet grains from archaeological contexts dated from the Early Bronze Age (3500–2500 BC) to the 1st Century BC. The results show that these two cereals were cultivated during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), around 2000–1800 BC, especially Setaria italica which is the most ancient millet found in Georgia. Isotopic analyses also show a significant enrichment in 13C in human and animal tissues, indicating an increasing C4 plants consumption at the same period. More broadly, our results assert that millet was not present in the Caucasus in the Neolithic period. Its arrival in the region, based on existing data in Eurasia, was from the south, without excluding a possible local domestication of Setaria italica.

scholarly journals Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Thomas Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North

AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.

scholarly journals Early Bronze Age migrants and ethnicity in the Middle Eastern mountain zone

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (30) ◽  
pp. 9190-9195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell S. Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Heterogeneous Societies

The Kura-Araxes cultural tradition existed in the highlands of the South Caucasus from 3500 to 2450 BCE (before the Christian era). This tradition represented an adaptive regime and a symbolically encoded common identity spread over a broad area of patchy mountain environments. By 3000 BCE, groups bearing this identity had migrated southwest across a wide area from the Taurus Mountains down into the southern Levant, southeast along the Zagros Mountains, and north across the Caucasus Mountains. In these new places, they became effectively ethnic groups amid already heterogeneous societies. This paper addresses the place of migrants among local populations as ethnicities and the reasons for their disappearance in the diaspora after 2450 BCE.

THE EARLY KURGAN PERIOD IN RABATI, GEORGIA: THE CULTURAL SEQUENCE AND A NEW SUITE OF RADIOCARBON DATES

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Giorgi Bedianashvili ◽  
Andrew Jamieson ◽  
Claudia Sagona
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Core ◽  
The University

Abstract This paper reports on radiocarbon (14C) results from the recent archaeological investigations in the ancient frontier fortress of Rabati, in southwest Georgia, a collaborative research project involving archaeologists from the Georgian National Museum and the University of Melbourne. From the first three excavation seasons spanning 2016, 2018, and 2019, it became clear that significant Bedeni phase deposits capped most of the summit of the site. Levels with their distinctive vessels and a range of contemporary, local domestic wares, pits and some traces of architecture seal underlying Early Bronze Age strata. The Early Bronze Age levels include massive architecture rarely seen in Kura-Araxes settlements. Some finds can only be described as unique and extraordinary while others suggest that the core population was stable with long-held traditions, yet open to new influences infiltrating this highland site during the subsequent Early Kurgan (Martkopi-Bedeni) period. We discuss the key discoveries at Rabati relative to the 14C readings from the site within the wider setting of contemporary sites in the Caucasus.

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