scholarly journals Distributional Change: Assessing the Contribution of Household Income Sources*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Kyzyma ◽  
Alessio Fusco ◽  
Philippe Van Kerm
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Distributional Change

scholarly journals On-farm trees are a safety net for the poorest households rather than a major contributor to food security in Rwanda

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Ndoli ◽  
Athanase Mukuralinda ◽  
Antonius G. T. Schut ◽  
Miyuki Iiyama ◽  
Jean Damascene Ndayambaje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Agroforestry Practice ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

AbstractThe world is challenged to meet the food demand of a growing population, especially in developing countries. Given the ambitious plans to scale up agroforestry in Africa, an improved understanding of the effect of agroforestry practices on the already challenged food security of rural households is crucial. The present study was undertaken to assess how on-farm trees impacted food security in addition to other household income sources in Rwanda. In each of the six agroecologies of Rwanda, a stratified sampling procedure was used where two administrative cells (4th formal administrative level) were selected in which households were randomly selected for interviews. A survey including 399 farmers was conducted and farmers were grouped in three types of agroforestry practice (i) low practitioners (LAP) represented by the first tertile, (ii) medium practitioners (MAP) represented by the second tertile and (iii) high practitioners (HAP) represented by the third tertile of households in terms of tree number. Asset values, household income sources, crop production, farm size, crop yield, and food security (food energy needs) were quantified among the types of agroforestry practice. A larger proportion of HAP households had access to adequate quantity and diversity of food when compared with MAP and LAP households. Food security probability was higher for households with more resources, including land, trees and livestock, coinciding with an increased crop and livestock income. We found no difference in asset endowment among types of agroforestry practices, while farmers in agroecologies with smaller farms (0.42 ha to 0.66 ha) had more on-farm trees (212 to 358 trees per household) than farms in agroecologies with larger farms (0.96 ha to 1.23 ha) which had 49 to 129 trees per household, probably due to differences in biophysical conditions. A positive association between tree density and food security was found in two out of six agroecologies. The proportion of income that came from tree products was high (> 20%) for a small fraction of farmers (12%), with the more food insecure households relying more on income from tree products than households with better food security status. Thus, tree income can be percieved as a “safety net” for the poorest households.

scholarly journals Diversification of Livestock-Keeping Smallholders in Mountainous Rural Regions of Azerbaijan and Georgia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Regina Neudert ◽  
Naiba Allahverdiyeva ◽  
Niyaz Mammadov ◽  
Alexandre Didebulidze ◽  
Volker Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Household Incomes

Diversified livelihoods combining farming, livestock keeping and non-farm income are characteristic of many rural households worldwide. For the Central Asian and Caucasian region, livestock keeping is especially important in terms of land use and socio-cultural heritage. We contribute to the literature with data from the under-researched Caucasus region and investigate: (i) the extent of diversification in smallholder households; (ii) the role of livestock keeping in diversification; (iii) the influence of household-specific and location-specific variables and diversification on household income. Based on a dataset of 303 households, we calculate contribution margins for the main agricultural activities, household income, and diversification indices and analyze the influence of diversification, asset and location variables on household income with a regression model. Household income is generally diversified and a combination of four income sources (crops, livestock, poultry/bees and social benefits) was the most frequent. The econometric analysis shows that higher household incomes are positively correlated with higher household land and livestock assets, the presence of non-farm work and social benefit income sources and with an increasing specialization as measured by the diversification index. For enhancing rural household incomes and slowing down rural-urban migration, the development of non-farm job opportunities is recommended.

scholarly journals Analysis of economic efficiency of horse production

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Survey Results

One of the main sources of development and livelihood in our country comes from  the production of the agricultural sector, only second after the mining industry. Agricultural sector not only supplies food and essential nutrients but it is a source of income and employment. The main labor force in this sector  consists of herders, and the  best way to ensure their livelihood is to increase the number of  livestock. However, there are different ways to calculate costs and revenues of pastoral livestock production. Nomadic herder households have different income sources and expenses depending on the type of livestock that they herd and it varies by region. The study focuses on households herding horses and aims to conduct    efficiency analysis on the household f income and expenses using  the  data gathered by the survey. The household income and expenses depend on what type of livestock they are herding. Households that are herding horses are surveyed through written surveys in this study. The economic efficiency methodology was used in the analysis. Furthermore, the study analysed statistics of the productivity of livestock. The study finds that a high number of horses are correlated with highly efficient income levels from the livestock. According to the survey results, in the Khangai region, the average efficiency level of all regions is 104.08%, and the steppe zone is 14.55%. Адууны аж ахуйн бүтээгдэхүүн үйлдвэрлэлийн эдийн засгийн үр ашгийн шинжилгээ Манай орны хөгжлийн гол тулгуур багануудын нэг нь  уул уурхайн дараа хөдөө аж ахуйн салбар түүн дотроо мал аж ахуйн  үйлдвэрлэл  ордог. Энэ салбарын хөдөлмөрийн гол нөөц малчид бөгөөд тэдний амьжиргааны баталгаат байдлыг хангах гол эх үүсвэр нь мал, малын тоо толгойн өсөлт байсаар ирсэн байна. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн үйлдвэрлэлийн зардал, орлогын талаар харьцангуй ялгаатай ойлголтууд байсаар байна. Малчин өрхийн хувьд малын төрлөөс шалтгаалан орлого, зардлын бүтэц ялгаатай бөгөөд адуун сүргийн хувьд орлого болон зардлын хэмжээг өрх бүрээр анкет-асуулгын аргаар бүртгэн авч үр ашгийн түвшнийг тооцоолон, дүгнэлт гаргах зорилго тавьсан болно. Малчин өрхийн адууны аж ахуйгаасаа олох орлого, зардлын зөрүү нь  адууны толгойн тооноос гадна бүс нутгийн байршлаас хамаардаг байна. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн салбаруудын дотроос оны эхний 1 толгойгоос үйлдвэрлэж буй бүтээгдэхүүний хэмжээгээр хамгийн их нь монгол үхэр, дараа нь тэмээ, адуу, хамгийн бага нь ямаа, хонь байна. [1] Адууны аж ахуйн хувьд бэлчээр, тэжээл, арчилгаа, маллагаа, хашаа саравч зэрэгт зарцуулах зардал бусад малд зарцуулах зардалтай харьцуулбал бага бөгөөд харин амьдаар болон маханд зориулж зах зээлд борлуулах, мах, сүүн ашиг шимийг ашиглах зэргээс олох орлогын хэмжээ бусад малтай харьцуулбал өндөр байгаа нь орлого, зардлын зөрүү их байх нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлдэг учраас адууны аж ахуйн үр ашиг нэлээд өндөр байх болно гэсэн таамаглал дэвшүүлэн судалгааг явууллаа. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн үйлдвэрлэлийн тэр тусмаа адууны аж ахуйгаас олох орлого болон зардлын бүртгэл харьцангуй бага, бүдэг байгаа учраас судалгааг өрх бүрд очиж гэрийн эзэд, эзэгтэйгээс асуулгын аргаар тодруулан бүртгэж авсан болно. Судалгаанд үр ашгийн түвшнийг тооцох арга зүйг  ашигласан бөгөөд судалгаанд хамрагдсан өрхүүдийг малын тоогоор бүлэглэн шинжилгээг гүйцэтгэсэн юм. Малчин өрхүүдийн адууны толгойн тооны ялгаатай байдал нь адууг адгуулан маллах, өсгөж үржүүлэхэд зарцуулах зардал, адууны ашиг шим, бүтээгдэхүүний борлуулалтаас олох орлогын бүтцэд нэлээд нөлөөтэй байгаа нь ажиглагдсан болно.  Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад Хангайн бүсийн  дунджаар үр ашгийн түвшин 104.08%, хээрийн бүс 14.55% байна.  Түлхүүр үг: Гүүний айраг,  Хангайн бүс, Хээрийн бүс, малчин өрх, орлого, зардал.  

scholarly journals Ecotourism, Income Generation and Poverty Reduction: A Case of Kuala Tahan National Park (KTNP), Pahang, Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Mukrimah A. ◽  
Mohd Parid M. ◽  
Motoe M. ◽  
Lim HF
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Household Income ◽  
National Park ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monthly Household Income ◽  
Income Sources

Ecotourism is one strategy for supporting conservation, generating income, and creating employment for communities living around protected areas. In Malaysia, the management of national parks (protected areas) focuses on the planning and implementation of various activities which contribute to the long-term conservation of the areas while mitigating or reducing conflicts between human and the environment. The issue is whether ecotourism development helps to improve income and reduce rural poverty. A case study was conducted in 2014 where 158 Malay households from Kampung Kuala Tahan were interviewed. Villagers engaged in economic activities related to ecotourism development in Kuala Tahan National Park (KTNP) area (2,477 sq. km) directly and indirectly. The result shows the average monthly household income of this village was RM4, 035. On the whole, about 90% of the average monthly household income was cash income while 10% income in kind. The income sources of villagers were from those within the state land forest areas (related to NTFP harvesting), and outside KTNP (related to forestry and ecotourism). Income generated outside KTNP(related to forestry and ecotourism) area was significantly high compared to those within state land forest and outside KTNP (non-forestry). On average, about RM1, 895 or 47% of the average monthly household income was generated from the ecotourism related activities and forest area. The highest percentage of cash income was from villagers’ engagement as tour guides. Income generated from this source accounted for 13% of household income. Ecotourism related retail stores or restaurant operators also significantly contributed to the average monthly household income at 10%. The incidence of poverty among the households in the village was 4% in 2014 compared to 3.4% among rural Malaysian households in 2012. The findings in this study showed that the income received from forestry related activities and ecotourism is important in reducing poverty among local households.

scholarly journals Analysis Income and Household Expenses Based on Livelihood

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Wahyudi Hariyanto ◽  
Tota Suhendrata ◽  
Sodiq Jauhari
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
On Farm

The welfare of small farmer households has been essential; however, many of them who rely upon only on-farm find it difficult to cover their household expenses. The aims of the study were to identify various types of farmer household income sources and to analyze factors affecting farmer household income and expenditure. The study conducted in Boloh village, Toroh sub-district of Grobogan district from July to August 2018 analyzed data collected qualitatively, which referred to data reduction, data presentation, and withdrawal of conclusions using interactive analysis. The result showed that the average income of farmer households from on-farm was IDR. 18.987.000 per year, off-farm IDR. 14,825,000, and non-farm was IDR 25,925,000 per year; thus, the total of both was IDR 4,978,000 per month on average. Meanwhile, the average the total expenses was IDR 24,335,000 per year or IDR 2,028,000 per month consisting of food and transportation (61%), housing and appliances (6%), Household Facilities (13%), education and health (4%), agriculture (3%), and others (14%). Farmers depending only on agricultural activities without having non-farm jobs shall not be able to cover household expenses needed. Farmers should change their agricultural practices from traditional to modern. The government should have farmer provided supporting policy.

scholarly journals Determinants of Income Diversification and Its Effects on Household Income in Rural Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 20-41
Author(s):  
KHAI TRẦN TIẾN ◽  
Danh Nguyễn Ngọc
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Economic Regions

Exploiting data of Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2010, the study aims at finding determinants of income diversification at household level in rural Vietnam and evaluating effects of income diversification on household income. The data set covers 6,571 rural households of eight socio-economic regions. Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is applied to show income diversification at household level. Two-limit tobit model is applied to detect the effects of household features and community characteristics on HHI, and then generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to test the effects of HHI on household income. The results show that human capital in both quantity and quality terms plays a substantial role in encouraging rural households to diversify their income-generating activities. Rural households with higher education level and higher diversification ability tend to have more diverse income sources. Owning larger sources of physical capital, or better credit accessibility, and social capital also helps rural households improve income diversity. The results also confirm that income diversification is the dynamic of rural income improvement. Households can increase their income by diversifying their farm and non-farm activities.

scholarly journals Methodological discussion of the income measure in the European Social Survey round 1

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik ◽  
Uwe Warner
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Demographic Variable ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
National Tax ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

During the last decade, the number of cross-national and cross-cultural empirical research has increased; at the same time the need for comparative survey data grew considerably. Also more and more politicians and policy decision makers are looking across the national and cultural borders of their countries. Looking at the question of total net household income, we discus advantages and weaknesses of an input harmonized social survey. We demonstrate the impact of the national social, economic and legal particularities on the answering behavior of the surveyed respondent by comparing across countries the interview outcomes from the European Social Survey (ESS) and the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). ESS used a crude measurement of the total net household income interviewing only one randomly selected household member. ECHP surveyed all persons living in a sampled household and asked all income sources and components of the respondents and the household. In this paper we use ECHP as a reference showing the most accurate method to measure income, and compare this with the interview results of ESS. For comparative social surveys we propose a set of questions on income that takes into account the national circumstances. We get comparable data across countries reflecting the national tax systems, the particular practices in the earning structures and the national habits in summing up the different income components. We expect that such a new fieldwork instrument integrated into the data production of cross-national surveys may increase the analytical power of the comparative socio-demographic variable "total net household income".

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF FEMINIZATION OF MIGRATION IN TSHOLOTSHO DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Thebe
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Migration Management ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Economic Roles ◽  
Feminization Of Migration

Tsholotsho District is one of the most significant contributors of migrants in Zimbabwe. Until recently, many of these migrants have been males, with females remaining behind assuming both feminine and masculine roles. Of late, however, females are increasingly venturing in migration expeditions. Why is this the case? Are women taking up economic roles in a society that has largely relegated them to familial responsibilities? What determines their increasing participation in a male dominated practice? These questions are answered in this paper based on a research conducted in Ward 5 of Tsholotsho District in 2016 as well as continued interaction with interlocutors till present day. The results indicated that reasons for feminized migration cut across different realms such as fleeing unfavourable economic conditions, to unite with their migrant spouses, to contribute towards diversifying household income sources, and fleeing unhappy marriages and burdensome familial controls among others. This led the researcher to firmly conclude that feminization of migration is a new reality and future of Tsholotsho’s migration trajectory, one that will be accompanied by resultant problems and opportunities. It will require therefore, careful migration management systems in the country to harness the benefits of this migration typology while offsetting the possible problems.  

scholarly journals The Impact of Family and Child-Allowances on Income Inequality in Poland. Gini Decomposition by Income Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Ewa Wędrowska ◽  
Joanna Muszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Child Allowances ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Gini Decomposition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research background: This paper analyses how different income sources affect the level of inequality in Poland, with focus on the role of family and children related allowances in decreasing income inequalities in 2015–2017. Therefore, the study has focused on the various subgroups of households with children. Purpose: The paper is aimed at examining the extent to which family and children related allowances affect household income inequality and identifying whether they affect inequality in various groups of households in the same way. Methodology: The study was carried out on micro-data gathered by Eurostat. To examine the extent to which different income components affect income inequality, we decompose the Gini coefficient according to the method introduced by Lerman and Yitzhaki. Results: Our study revealed that for most households with children, the inequality-reducing effect due to family and children related allowances increased in 2017 compared to 2015. However, despite the additional child-raising benefit under the “Family 500+” programme, income taxes and social security contributions remained by far the most important factor in reducing household income inequalities in Poland. Novelty: To our knowledge, no study has yet attempted to assess the extent to which family and child-allowances affect income inequality based on real data. The present analysis takes a step towards filling this gap. Unlike other studies based on microsimulation, in this paper we made use of the representative micro-data derived from the EU-SILC study.

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