Electrical Thalamic Stimulation in the Anterior Part of the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus for the Treatment of Patients With Central Poststroke Pain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Hirato ◽  
Takaaki Miyagishima ◽  
Tsukasa Gouda ◽  
Akio Takahashi ◽  
Yuhei Yoshimoto
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Thalamic Stimulation ◽  
Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus

Absence of a Prevalent Laminar Distribution of IPSPs in Association Cortical Neurons of Cat

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2742-2753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Contreras ◽  
Niklaus Dürmüller ◽  
Mircea Steriade
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Cortical Stimulation ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Thalamic Stimulation ◽  
Laminar Distribution ◽  
Deep Layers

Contreras, Diego, Niklaus Dürmüller, and Mircea Steriade. Absence of a prevalent laminar distribution of IPSPs in association cortical neurons of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2742–2753, 1997. The depth distribution of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) was studied in cat suprasylvian (association) cortex in vivo. Single and dual simultaneous intracellular recordings from cortical neurons were performed in the anterior part of suprasylvian gyrus (area 5). Synaptic responses were obtained by stimulating the suprasylvian cortex, 2–3 mm anterior to the recording site, as well as the thalamic lateral posterior (LP) nucleus. Neurons were recorded from layers 2 to 6 and were classified as regular spiking (RS, n = 132), intrinsically bursting (IB, n = 24), and fast spiking (FS, n = 4). Most IB cells were located in deep layers (below 0.7 mm, n = 19), but we also found some IB cells more superficially (between 0.2 and 0.5 mm, n = 5). Deeply lying corticothalamic neurons were identified by their antidromic invasion on thalamic stimulation. Neurons responded with a combination of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and IPSPs to both cortical and thalamic stimulation. No consistent relation was found between cell type or cell depth and the amplitude or duration of the IPSPs. In response to thalamic stimulation, RS cells had IPSPs of 7.9 ± 0.9 (SE) mV amplitude and 88.9 ± 6.4 ms duration. In IB cells, IPSPs elicited by thalamic stimulation had 7.4 ± 1.3 mV amplitude and 84.7 ± 14.3 ms duration. The differences between the two (RS and IB) groups were not statistically significant. Compared with thalamically elicited inhibitory responses, cortical stimulation evoked IPSPs with higher amplitude (12.3 ± 1.7 mV) and longer duration (117 ± 17.3 ms) at all depths. Both cortically and thalamically evoked IPSPs were predominantly monophasic. Injections of Cl− fully reversed thalamically as well as cortically evoked IPSPs and revealed additional late synaptic components in response to cortical stimulation. These data show that the amount of feed forward and feedback inhibition to cat's cortical association cells is not orderly distributed to distinct layers. Thus local cortical microcircuitry goes beyond the simplified structure determined by cortical layers.

Dejerine-Roussy syndrome

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14) ◽  
pp. 624-629
Author(s):  
Alexis Guédon ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Thiebaut ◽  
Sandro Benichi ◽  
Jacqueline Mikol ◽  
Bernard Moxham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serial Section ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Microscopic Images ◽  
Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus

On June 7, 1906, Jules Dejerine (1849–1917) and Gustave Roussy (1874–1948) presented to the Société de Neurologie de Paris the first description of the thalamic syndrome with serial-section microscopic images. They also provided the first account of central poststroke pain (CPSP). They suggested that pain is one of the primary symptoms of the syndrome, although one of their own patients (“Hud”) did not have pain. Several contemporary studies have highlighted the involvement of the anterior part of the pulvinar (PuA) in patients with CPSP of thalamic origin. Two historical observations (cases Jos and Hud) are reviewed here using the Morel nuclei staining atlas (2007). Dejerine and Roussy proposed the “irritative theory” to explain CPSP of thalamic origin and, in line with the most recent literature, they invoked the involvement of the PuA. When matching images for the Jos and Hud cases with the Morel atlas, it appears that the lesions involved what Dejerine then termed the noyau externe; that is, the ventral posterolateral nucleus and the PuA. In the Jos case, the lesion extended medially to what Dejerine termed the noyau médian de Luys; that is, the central medial–parafascicular nuclei, whereas in the Hud case the lesion extended more inferiorly. From the finding in the Hud case, one can hypothesize that impairment of the PuA alone does not assure pain. The work of Dejerine and Roussy, based on clinico-anatomical correlations, remains relevant to this day.

Fine structure of the rectal papillae of the oriental fruuit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Tephritidae, Diptera Insecta)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
Len Wen-Yung ◽  
Mei-Jung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Apical Cell Membrane ◽  
Dacus Dorsalis ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Circular Base

Four cone-shaped rectal papillae locate at the anterior part of the rectum in Dacus dorsalis fly. The circular base of the papilla protrudes into the haemolymph (Fig. 1,2) and the rest cone-shaped tip (Fig. 2) inserts in the rectal lumen. The base is surrounded with the cuticle (Fig. 5). The internal structure of the rectal papilla (Fig. 3) comprises of the cortex with the columnar epithelial cells and a rod-shaped medulla. Between them, there is the infundibular space and many trabeculae connect each other. Several tracheae insert into the papilla through the top of the medulla, then run into the cortical epithelium and locate in the intercellular space. The intercellular sinuses distribute in the posterior part of the rectal papilla.The cortex of the base divides into about thirty segments. Between segments there is a radial cell (Fig. 4). Under the cuticle, the apical cell membrane of the cortical epithelium is folded into a regular border of leaflets (Fig. 5).

A remarkable pogonophoran from a desalted shallow near the mouth of the Yenisey River in the Kara Sea, with the description of a new species of the genus Galathealinum (Annelida: Pogonophora: Frenulata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-154
Author(s):  
R.V. Smirnov ◽  
O.V. Zaitseva ◽  
A.A. Vedenin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
External Layer ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Unusual Finding

A new species of Pogonophora obtained from one station at a depth of 25 m from near the Dikson Island in the Kara Sea is described. Galathealinum karaense sp. nov. is one of the largest pogonophorans, the first known representative of the rare genus Galathealinum Kirkegaard, 1956 in the Eurasian part of the Arctic Ocean and a highly unusual finding for the desalted shallow of the Yenisey Gulf. Several characters occurring in the new species are rare or unique among the congeners: under-developed, hardly discernible frills on the tube segments, extremely thin felted fibres in the external layer of the tube, and very faintly separated papillae in the anterior part of the trunk. Morphological characters useful in distinguishing species within the genus Galathealinum are defined and summarised in a table. Diagnosis of the genus Galathealinum is emended and supplemented by new characters. Additionally, three taxonomic keys are provided to the species of Galathealinum and to the known species of the Arctic pogonophorans using either animals or their empty tubes only, with the brief zoogeographical information on each Arctic species.

MECHANISM OF VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN THE SYSTEM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MANAGEMENT IN ATHLETES ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONAL SYNERGY FORMATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
S.A. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Left Limb

The question of physiological function variability is of great theoretical interest, since it is a part of the theory of human voluntary movement control. The skeletal muscle control system should probably have a mechanism to reduce or limit the range of its possible variations. Presumably, the organization of the motor system elements according to the principle of muscular synergy is of such a nature. The objective of the work is to study variations and signs of the coordinated bioelectric activity of skeletal muscles in one of the resulting archery phases. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 5 highly qualified sportsmen (Master of Sport, International Master of Sport). Archers shot 10 series of 3 shots, target distance 18 m, indoors. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity of 12 skeletal muscles of the upper limb girdle and a 3D video sequence was made. The authors analyzed indicators of distribution, descriptive and variation statistics for grouped data. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify signs of consistent muscle activity. Results. Variability magnitudes, characterized by statistical parameters, established for the turn-off-peak characteristics of various muscles, did not have an explicit dependence. Muscles with relatively high scattering parameters in terms of the EMG average amplitude could have a small variation in the average number of EMG turns. The radial flexor of the left hand wrist was a part of muscular synergy in 90 % of cases, the anterior part of the left limb deltoid muscle – in 80 % of cases, the lower and upper beams of the right and left cowl muscle – in 70 % of cases. Other muscles under consideration were their part in less than 60 % of cases. Conclusion. The system of skeletal muscles that are actively involved in the resulting phases of precision movement can be controlled according to the mechanism of functional synergy formation, which probably helps to reduce the range of possible variations in the parameters of muscle electroactivity. Keywords: variability, archery, electromyography, coordination structure, muscle synergy. Вопрос вариативности физиологических функций представляет интерес в теоретическом плане, поскольку является частью теории управления произвольными движениями человека. Система управления скелетными мышцами, вероятно, должна иметь механизм, позволяющий сократить или ограничить диапазон возможных ее вариаций. Таковым, предположительно, является организация элементов моторной системы по принципу мышечных синергий. Цель работы – изучение вариаций и признаков согласованной биоэлектрической активности скелетных мышц в одной из результирующих фаз выстрела из лука. Материалы и методы. В исследованиях приняли участие 5 высококвалифицированных спортсменов (МС, МСМК). Лучники выполняли 10 серий по 3 выстрела с дистанции 18 м в крытом помещении. Производилась синхронная регистрация электрической активности 12 скелетных мышц верхнего плечевого пояса и 3D-видеоряда. Анализировались показатели распределения, описательной и вариационной статистики для сгруппированных данных. Для выявления признаков согласованной активности мышц применялся множественный регрессионный анализ. Результаты. Величины вариативности, характеризуемые статистическими параметрами, установленные для турн-аплитудных характеристик различных мышц, не имели явной зависимости. Мышцы, имеющие относительно высокие параметры разброса значений по показателю средней амплитуды ЭМГ, могли иметь небольшую вариативность среднего числа турнов ЭМГ. Лучевой сгибатель кисти левой руки являлся частью мышечной синергии в 90 % случаев, передняя часть дельтовидной мышцы левой конечности – в 80 %, нижние и верхние пучки трапециевидной мышцы правой и левой сторон – в 70 %. Другие исследуемые мышцы являлись их частью в менее чем 60 % случаев. Выводы. Управление системой скелетных мышц, принимающих активное участие в реализации одной из результирующих фаз точностного движения, может осуществляться по механизму образования функциональных синергий, что, вероятно, способствует снижению диапазона возможных вариаций параметров электроактивности мышц. Ключевые слова: вариативность, стрельба из лука, электромиография, координационная структура, мышечные синергии.

Possibility of simultaneous transposition of segments of the pectoralis major muscle to restore flexion in the shoulder and elbow joints (clinical observation)

MedAlliance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeons ◽  
Active Function ◽  
Head Neck

The pectoralis major is a widely used muscle in reconstruction surgery for replacement soft tissue defects of a head, neck, thorax, upper limbs and restoration of muscle active function. The peculiarities of anatomy of the pectoralis major makes it possible to divide the muscle into several segments with their own innervations and supply and use them independently from each other. This article describes the anatomy of the pectoralis major and the opportunity for clinical applications of different segments of this muscle. The authors demonstrate the result of the restoration of shoulder and elbow flexion in a patient with arthrogryposis due to simultaneous transfer of the proximal part of pectoralis major to the anterior part of the deltoid muscle and the distal part of pectoralis major to the biceps with good functional results. The article will be useful for plastic surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and physiotherapists.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in chronic disorders of consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-303
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Cain ◽  
Norman M. Spivak ◽  
John P. Coetzee ◽  
Julia S. Crone ◽  
Micah A. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Thalamic Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Disorders ◽  
Chronic Disorders Of Consciousness

scholarly journals The genus Gennadas (Benthesicymidae: Decapoda): morphology of copulatory characters, phylogeny and coevolution of genital structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 171288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Vereshchaka ◽  
Anastasia A. Lunina ◽  
Jørgen Olesen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Internal Part ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Aristaeomorpha Foliacea ◽  
External Part ◽  
Scanning Electron

Species within Gennadas differ from each other largely only in male (petasma) and female (thelycum) copulatory characters, which were restudied in scanning electron microscopy and used as a basis for phylogenetic analyses. Twenty-six petasma characters and 49 thelycum characters were identified. All 16 recognized species of Gennadas and Aristaeomorpha foliacea (outgroup) were included as terminals. Four robust monophyletic clades were retrieved, described and diagnosed as new species groups. The thelycum characters had greater impact on tree topology and supported deeper nodes than did the petasma characters. We hypothesize that features of the thelycum evolved first followed by aspects of the petasma. Relatively more conservative characters include parts of the sternites of the thelycum and of the petasma, while the scuti and protuberances on the thelycum and the shape and subdivisions of the petasma lobes are evolutionarily plastic. We identified two groups of copulatory characters, which are likely coupled functionally and interlinked evolutionarily: (i) the external part of the petasma and the posterior part of the thelycum and (ii) the internal part of the petasma and anterior part of the thelycum. We reconstruct possible mating position during copulation for each of the new species groups presented here. We also present an updated key to genera of Benthesicymidae and key to species of Gennadas .

On the functions of the membrana tympani, the ossicles and muscles of the tympanum, and of the eustachian tube in the human ear, with an account of the muscles of the eustachian tube and their action in different classes of animals

1854 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Anterior Extremity ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Tensor Tympani Muscle ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Single Bone

The author commences his paper by making some observations on the general arrangements of the ossicula auditûs . The malleus and incus being firmly connected together by ligaments, are considered as a single bone, forming an elastic arch, the anterior extremity of which is firmly attached to the Glasserian fissure, the posterior to the anterior part of the mastoid cells. This arch is kept steady by the actions of the tensor tympani. The movement of this arch is that of rotation; and it is effected by the tensor tympani muscle. When this muscle contracts, the lower part of the arch, consisting of the handle of the malleus and the long process of the incus, is drawn inwards; by this action the membrana tympani is rendered tense, and the stapes being pressed towards the cavity of the labyrinth, the fluid in the latter is compressed.

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