The Blood‐CSF‐Brain Route of Neurological Disease: The Indirect Pathway into the Brain.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Cousins ◽  
Angela Hodges ◽  
Julia Schubert ◽  
Mattia Veronese ◽  
Federico Turkheimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Retrotransposon-induced mosaicism in the neural genome

Open Biology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 180074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela O. Bodea ◽  
Eleanor G. Z. McKelvey ◽  
Geoffrey J. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Neurological Function ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrotransposon Activity ◽  
The Brain

Over the past decade, major discoveries in retrotransposon biology have depicted the neural genome as a dynamic structure during life. In particular, the retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1) has been shown to be transcribed and mobilized in the brain. Retrotransposition in the developing brain, as well as during adult neurogenesis, provides a milieu in which neural diversity can arise. Dysregulation of retrotransposon activity may also contribute to neurological disease. Here, we review recent reports of retrotransposon activity in the brain, and discuss the temporal nature of retrotransposition and its regulation in neural cells in response to stimuli. We also put forward hypotheses regarding the significance of retrotransposons for brain development and neurological function, and consider the potential implications of this phenomenon for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.

scholarly journals Porencephaly and intraparenchymal hyperacute infarct due to bilateral anterior cerebral artery embolism in adult: A rare case

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Ricky Suryamin ◽  
Subagia Santosa Sudjono
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Anterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Artery Embolism ◽  
Disease Case ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Loss Of Strength ◽  
Space Occupying Lesion

Porencephaly is a very unique rare neurological disease identified by the presence of single or multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cyst inside the brain matter. This is an intra-cranial cyst that rarely occurs in adults. The diagnosis depends on a well-defined CSF fluid space-occupying lesion (SOL) that communicates with the ventricles on a CT scan or MRI of the brain. Cerebral damage during labor or as unknown trauma during infancy can present with porencephaly much later in life. This might be the aftermath of trauma, ischemic, infection or bleeding in the postnatal life. These cysts may be mild enough to show any symptoms or severe enough to cause mental and physical disability. Here we present a case of a 76-year-old female attended in the emergency department with loss of strength in her right arm, four days ago. Porencephaly in adult is a rare neurological disease case. In this case, porencephaly caused by stroke ischemic 4 years ago due to anterior carotid artery embolism.

Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood

2010 ◽  
pp. 4810-4826
Author(s):  
G.D. Perkin ◽  
M.R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Case History ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structural Brain

Case History—A 33 yr old woman, known to have epilepsy, now presenting with odd behaviour. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. The definition of epilepsy requires the occurrence of at least one epileptic seizure and evidence for an enduring alteration in the brain that increases the likelihood of future seizures such as an ‘epileptiform’ EEG abnormality, an appropriate lesion on structural brain imaging (CT or MRI), or the presence of recurrent (two or more) seizures. Epilepsy is a common, serious neurological disease, with prevalence 1% and a cumulative lifetime risk of 5%....

scholarly journals Magnetic resonance imaging brain findings in a case of aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, presenting with intractable vomiting and hiccups

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerna Garg ◽  
Muthusubramanian Rajasekaran ◽  
Salil Pandey ◽  
Gnanashanmugam Gurusamy ◽  
Devanand Balalakshmoji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Immune Disease ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Aquaporin 4 Antibody

ABSTRACTNeuromyelitisoptica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) were once considered to be differing manifestation of same auto immune disease, NMO predominantly involving the optic nerve and cord. Now with discovery of NMO antibody the concept has changed and a spectrum of disorders with lesions in brain has been identified. Occasionally, brain may be the first or the only site of involvement in these disorders hence it is essential to be aware of this spectrum. The brain lesions in NMO/NMOSD may be located in characteristic regions and present with symptoms mimicking non neurological disease. We herein present a case of an adult female who was admitted with intractable vomiting and hiccups; subsequently on MRI brain found to have very tiny demyelinating foci in Area Postrema.

scholarly journals An Atypical Porencephalic Cyst Manifesting as a Simple Partial Seizure: A Case Report and Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Al Thafar ◽  
Abdullatif Sami Al Rashed ◽  
Bayan Abdullah Al Matar ◽  
Abdulaziz Mohammad Al-Sharydah ◽  
Abdulrahman Hamad Al-Abdulwahhab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Atypical Presentation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Simple Partial Seizure ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Background. Porencephaly is an extremely rare neurological disease characterized by the presence of solitary or multiple degenerative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavities within the brain parenchyma. Case Report. We describe a case involving a 23-year-old male who presented with involuntary movements of the left upper limb of 6 months’ duration. A diagnosis of porencephaly was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conclusion. The rarity of occurrence and atypical presentation of such a lesion present a challenge to clinicians. Little is known about the pathogenesis and appropriate management of porencephaly. Further studies of the implications of porencephaly for neurodevelopment and behavior are needed.

scholarly journals Immune Response-Mediated Protection of Adult but Not Neonatal Mice from Neuron-Restricted Measles Virus Infection and Central Nervous System Disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1795-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane M. P. Lawrence ◽  
Melinda M. Vaughn ◽  
Alec R. Belman ◽  
Joan S. Cole ◽  
Glenn F. Rall
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Central Nervous System Disease ◽  
Nervous System Disease ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
System Disease ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT In many cases of neurological disease associated with viral infection, such as measles virus (MV)-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in children, it is unclear whether the virus or the antiviral immune response within the brain is the cause of disease. MV inoculation of transgenic mice expressing the human MV receptor, CD46, exclusively in neurons resulted in neuronal infection and fatal encephalitis within 2 weeks in neonates, while mice older than 3 weeks of age were resistant to both infection and disease. At all ages, T lymphocytes infiltrated the brain in response to inoculation. To determine the role of lymphocytes in disease progression, CD46+ mice were back-crossed to T- and B-cell-deficient RAG-2 knockout mice. The lymphocyte deficiency did not affect the outcome of disease in neonates, but adult CD46+RAG-2− mice were much more susceptible to both neuronal infection and central nervous system disease than their immunocompetent littermates. These results indicate that CD46-dependent MV infection of neurons, rather than the antiviral immune response in the brain, produces neurological disease in this model system and that immunocompetent adult mice, but not immunologically compromised or immature mice, are protected from infection.

scholarly journals Improved feature exctraction process to detect seizure using CHBMIT-dataset

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Raveendra Kumar T. H. ◽  
C. K. Narayanappa
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Statistical Moments ◽  
Graph Presentation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Effective Result ◽  
The Way

One of the most dangerous neurological disease, which is occupying worldwide, is epilepsy. Fraction of second nerves in the brain starts impulsion i.e. electrical discharge, which is higher than the normal pulsing. So many researches have done the investigation and proposed the numerous methodology. However, our methodology will give effective result in feature extraction. Moreover, we used numerous number of statistical moments features. Existing approaches are implemented on few statistical moments with respect to time and frequency. Our proposed system will give the way to find out the seizure-effected part of the brain very easily using TDS, FDS, Correlation and Graph presentation. The resultant value will give the huge difference between normal and seizure effected brain. It also explore the hidden features of the brain.

The footprints of neuroscience in Alexandria during the 3rd-century BC: Herophilus and Erasistratus

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Maria Ioanna Stefanou
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Dissection ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
The Brain

In the first half of the 3rd-century BC in Alexandria, the Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon (ca. 330 to ca. 260 BC) and Erasistratus of Chios (ca. 315 to ca. 240 BC) became the first scientists in antiquity to comprehensively study the anatomical underpinnings and the physiological properties of mind processes. Their scientific theories were based on experimental evidence arising from anatomical human dissection studies. Among their neuroscientific achievements were the discovery of the cranial nerves, the meninges, the dural sinuses and the ventricles; the delineation of the motor and sensory nerves; the appraisal of the brain as the seat of consciousness and human intellect; and the attribution of neurological disease to dysfunction of the nervous system. This paper will discuss the short-lived historical circumstances that enabled the ground-breaking progress in the domain of brain sciences during the Hellenistic period. In addition, this paper will examine the intriguing social, political and cultural interplays that determined the resonance of Herophilus and Erasistratus’s work and influenced the course of history of neuroscience.

scholarly journals The mouse cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic network

Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 598 (7879) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Nicholas N. Foster ◽  
Joshua Barry ◽  
Laura Korobkova ◽  
Luis Garcia ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
External Part ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe cortico–basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding cognition, sensorimotor behaviour, and the natural history of many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Classically, this network is conceptualized to contain three information channels: motor, limbic and associative1–4. Yet this three-channel view cannot explain the myriad functions of the basal ganglia. We previously subdivided the dorsal striatum into 29 functional domains on the basis of the topography of inputs from the entire cortex5. Here we map the multi-synaptic output pathways of these striatal domains through the globus pallidus external part (GPe), substantia nigra reticular part (SNr), thalamic nuclei and cortex. Accordingly, we identify 14 SNr and 36 GPe domains and a direct cortico-SNr projection. The striatonigral direct pathway displays a greater convergence of striatal inputs than the more parallel striatopallidal indirect pathway, although direct and indirect pathways originating from the same striatal domain ultimately converge onto the same postsynaptic SNr neurons. Following the SNr outputs, we delineate six domains in the parafascicular and ventromedial thalamic nuclei. Subsequently, we identify six parallel cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic subnetworks that sequentially transduce specific subsets of cortical information through every elemental node of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic loop. Thalamic domains relay this output back to the originating corticostriatal neurons of each subnetwork in a bona fide closed loop.

Lanthanum nanoparticles to target the brain: proof of biodistribution and biocompatibility with adjuvant therapies

Nanomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 2107-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Lu ◽  
Kerrie L McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Tail Vein Injection ◽  
The Brain

Aim: To determine the biodistribution of lanthanum (III) oxide (La2O3) nanoparticle (NP) therapy to the brain and its biocompatibility with radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT). Materials & methods: Healthy balb/c nude mice were administered 4 weekly doses of La2O3 NP therapy via tail vein injection. Organ weights and lanthanum concentrations were evaluated. Results: La2O3 NP penetrated the brain. Concentrations were found to peak in the brain at 24 h after injection and persisted at 8 weeks after injection. Neither RT nor CT affected biodistribution. No adverse events or safety concerns in other organs were noted. Conclusion: La2O3 NP can reach the brain to target neurological disease and is biocompatible with RT and CT in a biological system.

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