scholarly journals Plant pathogen effector proteins as manipulators of host microbiomes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick C. Snelders ◽  
Graeme J. Kettles ◽  
Jason J. Rudd ◽  
Bart P. H. J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Pathogen Effector

scholarly journals A Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinase Targeted by a Plant Pathogen Effector Is Directly Phosphorylated by the Chitin Receptor and Mediates Rice Immunity

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Yamaguchi ◽  
Kenta Yamada ◽  
Kazuya Ishikawa ◽  
Satomi Yoshimura ◽  
Nagao Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
Chitin Receptor

Microbiome manipulation by a soil-borne fungal plant pathogen using effector proteins

Nature Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374
Author(s):  
Nick C. Snelders ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Gabriella C. Petti ◽  
Mercedes Rocafort ◽  
Grardy C. M. van den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen

Manipulation of the host by pathogens to survive the lysosome

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1417-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Pryor ◽  
Sally A. Raines
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Intracellular Environment ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

Lysosomes form part of our innate immunity and are an important line of defence against microbes, viruses and parasites. Although it is more than 50 years since de Duve discovered lysosomes, it is only in more recent years that we are slowly unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in the delivery of material to the lysosome. However, successful intracellular pathogens often have a better grip on the mechanisms involved in delivery to the lysosome and can manipulate membrane trafficking pathways to create an intracellular environment that is favourable for replication. By studying pathogen effector proteins that are secreted into the host's cytosol, we can learn about both pathogen-survival mechanisms and further regulatory elements involved in trafficking to the lysosome.

scholarly journals Effector Biology in Focus: A Primer for Computational Prediction and Functional Characterization

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo J. D. Dalio ◽  
John Herlihy ◽  
Tiago S. Oliveira ◽  
John M. McDowell ◽  
Marcos Machado
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Plant–pathogen interactions are controlled by a multilayered immune system, which is activated by pathogen recognition in the host. Pathogens secrete effector molecules to interfere with the immune recognition or signaling network and reprogram cell structure or metabolism. Understanding the effector repertoires of diverse pathogens will contribute to unraveling the molecular mechanism of virulence and developing sustainable disease-control strategies for crops and natural ecosystems. Effector functionality has been investigated extensively in only a small number of pathogen species. However, many more pathogen genomes are becoming available, and much can be learned from a broader view of effector biology in diverse pathosystems. The purpose of this review is to summarize methodology for computational prediction of protein effectors, functional characterization of effector proteins and their targets, and the use of effectors as probes to screen for new sources of host resistance. Although these techniques were generally developed in model pathosystems, many of the approaches are directly applicable for exploration and exploitation of effector biology in pathosystems that are less well studied. We hope to facilitate such exploration, which will broaden understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the biological diversity of plant–pathogen interactions, and maximize the impact of new approaches that leverage effector biology for disease control.

scholarly journals Wheat PR-1 proteins are targeted by necrotrophic pathogen effector proteins

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Breen ◽  
Simon J. Williams ◽  
Britta Winterberg ◽  
Bostjan Kobe ◽  
Peter S. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Effector

The role of oomycete effectors in plant - pathogen interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne R. Hardham ◽  
David M. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Pathogen Effector

Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse range of microorganisms that are potential pathogens, and they have evolved multi-faceted physical and chemical strategies to inhibit pathogen ingress and establishment of disease. Microbes, however, have developed their own strategies to counteract plant defence responses. Recent research on plant–microbe interactions has revealed that an important part of the infection strategies of a diverse range of plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, is the production of effector proteins that are secreted by the pathogen and that promote successful infection by manipulating plant structure and metabolism, including interference in plant defence mechanisms. Pathogen effector proteins may function either in the extracellular spaces within plant tissues or within the plant cell cytoplasm. Extracellular effectors include cell wall degrading enzymes and inhibitors of plant enzymes that attack invading pathogens. Intracellular effectors move into the plant cell cytoplasm by as yet unknown mechanisms where, in incompatible interactions, they may be recognised by plant resistance proteins but where, in compatible interactions, they may suppress the plant’s immune response. This article presents a brief overview of our current understanding of the nature and function of effectors produced by oomycete plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Functional genomics and mycotoxin discovery in the wheat glume blotch pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Peter S Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Stagonospora Nodorum ◽  
Susceptibility Loci ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Cell Death Response ◽  
Glume Blotch ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
Degradative Enzymes ◽  
Made In

Stagonospora nodorum is a fungal pathogen of wheat and is responsible for over $100 million in yield losses in Australia each year. Significant progress has recently been made in understanding how S. nodorum causes disease on wheat. These pathogens, known as a necrotrophs, were thought to secrete a battery of lytic and degradative enzymes during infection. These enzymes would simply degrade host tissue, allowing the infecting pathogen to feed off the lysed cellular contents. Recent studies have shown that this is not so, and that these fungi secrete unique effector proteins during the early stages of infection, which appear to be translocated into wheat cells. Once inside, these proteins interact (either directly or indirectly) with the products of dominant susceptibility loci leading to a localised programmed cell death response. Consequently, it is through an intricate gene-for-gene mechanism involving the interaction of pathogen effector proteins and host dominant susceptibility genes that S. nodorum infects its wheat host, not through a crude secretion of cell lysis enzymes. These findings have been recently reviewed by Oliver and Solomon3. This short article focuses on how modern functional genomics techniques have been exploited to reveal a new dimension to the wheat pathogen S. nodorum.

scholarly journals NAD+ cleavage activity by animal and plant TIR domains in cell death pathways

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6455) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Horsefield ◽  
Hayden Burdett ◽  
Xiaoxiao Zhang ◽  
Mohammad K. Manik ◽  
Yun Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Cleavage Activity ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
Cell Death Signaling ◽  
Tir Domains

SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD+) during Wallerian degeneration associated with neuropathies. Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger localized cell death to restrict pathogen infection. Both processes depend on closely related Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains in these proteins, which, as we show, feature self-association–dependent NAD+ cleavage activity associated with cell death signaling. We further show that SARM1 SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains form an octamer essential for axon degeneration that contributes to TIR domain enzymatic activity. The crystal structures of ribose and NADP+ (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) complexes of SARM1 and plant NLR RUN1 TIR domains, respectively, reveal a conserved substrate binding site. NAD+ cleavage by TIR domains is therefore a conserved feature of animal and plant cell death signaling pathways.

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