scholarly journals EST Mining and Functional Expression Assays Identify Extracellular Effector Proteins From the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1675-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Torto
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Effector Proteins

Microbiome manipulation by a soil-borne fungal plant pathogen using effector proteins

Nature Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374
Author(s):  
Nick C. Snelders ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Gabriella C. Petti ◽  
Mercedes Rocafort ◽  
Grardy C. M. van den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen

scholarly journals Effector Biology in Focus: A Primer for Computational Prediction and Functional Characterization

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo J. D. Dalio ◽  
John Herlihy ◽  
Tiago S. Oliveira ◽  
John M. McDowell ◽  
Marcos Machado
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Plant–pathogen interactions are controlled by a multilayered immune system, which is activated by pathogen recognition in the host. Pathogens secrete effector molecules to interfere with the immune recognition or signaling network and reprogram cell structure or metabolism. Understanding the effector repertoires of diverse pathogens will contribute to unraveling the molecular mechanism of virulence and developing sustainable disease-control strategies for crops and natural ecosystems. Effector functionality has been investigated extensively in only a small number of pathogen species. However, many more pathogen genomes are becoming available, and much can be learned from a broader view of effector biology in diverse pathosystems. The purpose of this review is to summarize methodology for computational prediction of protein effectors, functional characterization of effector proteins and their targets, and the use of effectors as probes to screen for new sources of host resistance. Although these techniques were generally developed in model pathosystems, many of the approaches are directly applicable for exploration and exploitation of effector biology in pathosystems that are less well studied. We hope to facilitate such exploration, which will broaden understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the biological diversity of plant–pathogen interactions, and maximize the impact of new approaches that leverage effector biology for disease control.

scholarly journals Armet, an aphid effector protein, induces pathogen resistance in plants by promoting the accumulation of salicylic acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1767) ◽  
pp. 20180314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Cui ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Tianzuo Wang ◽  
Wenhao Zhang ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Fourfold Increase

Effector proteins present in aphid saliva are thought to modulate aphid–plant interactions. Armet, an effector protein, is found in the phloem sap of pea-aphid-infested plants and is indispensable for the survival of aphids on plants. However, its function in plants has not been investigated. Here, we explored the functions of Armet after delivery into plants. Examination of the transcriptomes of Nicotiana benthamiana and Medicago truncatula following transgenic expression of Armet or infiltration of the protein showed that Armet activated pathways associated with plant–pathogen interactions, mitogen-activated protein kinase and salicylic acid (SA). Armet induced a fourfold increase in SA accumulation by regulating the expression of SAMT and SABP2 , two genes associated with SA metabolism, in Armet-infiltrated tobacco. The increase in SA enhanced the plants' resistance to bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae but had no detectable adverse effects on aphid survival or reproduction. Similar molecular responses and a chlorosis phenotype were induced in tobacco by Armet from two aphid species but not by locust Armet, suggesting that the effector function of Armet may be specific for aphids. The results suggest that Armet causes plants to make a pathogen-resistance decision and reflect a novel tripartite insect–plant–pathogen interaction. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.

scholarly journals Distribution, Functional Expression, and Genetic Organization of Cif, a Phage-Encoded Type III-Secreted Effector from Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Loukiadis ◽  
Rika Nobe ◽  
Sylvia Herold ◽  
Clara Tramuta ◽  
Yoshitoshi Ogura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Related Phenotype ◽  
Enterocyte Effacement ◽  
Lambdoid Prophage

ABSTRACT Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) inject effector proteins into host cells via a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). One of these effectors is Cif, encoded outside the LEE by a lambdoid prophage. In this study, we demonstrated that the Cif-encoding prophage of EPEC strain E22 is inducible and produces infectious phage particles. We investigated the distribution and functional expression of Cif in 5,049 E. coli strains of human, animal, and environmental origins. A total of 115 E. coli isolates from diverse origins and geographic locations carried cif. The presence of cif was tightly associated with the LEE, since all the cif-positive isolates were positive for the LEE. These results suggested that the Cif-encoding prophages have been widely disseminated within the natural population of E. coli but positively selected within the population of LEE-positive strains. Nonetheless, 66% of cif-positive E. coli strains did not induce a typical Cif-related phenotype in eukaryotic cells due to frameshift mutations or insertion of an IS element in the cif gene. The passenger region of the prophages carrying cif was highly variable and showed various combinations of IS elements and genes coding for other effectors such as nleB, nleC, nleH, nleG, espJ, and nleA/espI (some of which were also truncated). This diversity and the presence of nonfunctional effectors should be taken into account to assess EPEC and EHEC pathogenicity and tropism.

scholarly journals Plant pathogen effector proteins as manipulators of host microbiomes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick C. Snelders ◽  
Graeme J. Kettles ◽  
Jason J. Rudd ◽  
Bart P. H. J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Pathogen Effector

scholarly journals A plant pathogen utilizes effector proteins for microbiome manipulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick C. Snelders ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Gabriella C. Petti ◽  
Mercedes Rocafort ◽  
Julia A. Vorholt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen ◽  
Novel Antibiotics ◽  
Untapped Resource

AbstractDuring colonization of their hosts, pathogens secrete effector proteins to promote disease development through various mechanisms. Increasing evidence shows that the host microbiome plays a crucial role in health, and that hosts actively shape their microbiomes to suppress disease. We hypothesized that pathogens evolved to manipulate host microbiomes to their advantage in turn. Here, we show that the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae utilizes effector proteins for niche colonization through selective manipulation of host microbiomes by suppressing microbes with antagonistic activities. Moreover, we show that effector proteins are similarly exploited for microbiome manipulation in the soil environment, where the fungus resides in absence of a host. In conclusion, we demonstrate that pathogens utilize effector proteins to modulate microbiome compositions and propose that their effector catalogs represent an untapped resource for novel antibiotics.

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