scholarly journals Entitativity and implicit measures of social cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Implicit Measures

scholarly journals The gatekeeper: individual differences are key in the chain from perception to behaviour

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Perugini ◽  
Andrew Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Essay Evaluation

A basic assumption in mainstream social cognition is that the path from perception to behaviour is often automatic and direct, as supported for example by several experimental studies showing that priming can lead directly to a congruent behaviour without any need of conscious awareness of the process. However, we argue that the priming of a goal or an object activates individual differences in automatic evaluations at the associative level that in turn are the key predictors of action (gatekeeper model). A study (n = 90) on the American stereotype is presented to support the model. The results show that individual differences of the American stereotype as assessed with the IAT predicts a relevant action (essay evaluation) but only under condition of priming. Broader implications for predictive validity of implicit measures are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Entitativity and Implicit Measures of Social Cognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
The Difference

I argue that in addressing worries about the validity and reliability of implicit measures of social cognition, theorists should draw on research concerning “entitativity perception.” In brief, an aggregate of people is perceived as highly “entitative” when its members exhibit a certain sort of unity. For example, think of the difference between the aggregate of people waiting in line at a bank versus a tight-knit group of friends: the latter seems more “groupy” than the former. I start by arguing that entitativity perception modulates the expression of implicit biases and stereotypes. I then argue that recognizing this modulatory role will help researchers to address concerns surrounding the validity and reliability of implicit measures.

scholarly journals Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Rachel G. Riskind
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
And Control ◽  
Conscious Control

Basic research in implicit social cognition demonstrates that thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness or conscious control can influence perception, judgment and action. Implicit measures reveal that people possess implicit attitudes and stereotypes about social groups that are often distinct from their explicitly endorsed beliefs and values. The evidence that behavior can be influenced by implicit social cognition contrasts with social policies that implicitly or explicitly assume that people know and control the causes of their behavior. We consider the present state of evidence for implicit social cognition and its implications for social policy. We conclude that considering implicit social cognition can contribute usefully to policy, but that most uses of implicit measures themselves as selection or evaluation devices is not easily justified.

scholarly journals Go/No-go Association Task

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Contextual Characteristics ◽  
Second Category

Overview=======The GNAT (pronounced like the bug) is a flexible technique designed to measure implicit social cognition. Conceptually similar to other implicit measures like the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, JPSP, 1998), the GNAT assesses automatic associations between concept (e.g., gender) and attribute (e.g., evaluation) categories. The GNAT has two features that distinguish it from other measures of implicit social cognition. First, the GNAT is designed to be use signal detection statistics in its calculation of automatic associations (d-prime), but can also be adapted to utilize response latency as its operational dependent variable. Second, the GNAT is flexible in the establishing of contextual characteristics for the evaluative situation. For example, the IAT requires an attitude toward one category (insects) be assessed relative to a second category (flowers). With the GNAT, experimenters can vary whether insects are evaluated in the context of a single category (flowers), a superordinate category (animals), a generic category (objects) or with no context at all.

scholarly journals Implicit social cognition through years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia M. Epifania ◽  
Egidio Robusto ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
And Behaviors

<p>The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an on-going growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implicit aspects of attitudes have been particularly exploited for investigating biases towards different out-groups, especially in sensitive contexts.<br></p>

scholarly journals Implicit social cognition through years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia M. Epifania ◽  
Egidio Robusto ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
And Behaviors

<p>The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an on-going growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implicit aspects of attitudes have been particularly exploited for investigating biases towards different out-groups, especially in sensitive contexts.<br></p>

scholarly journals Self-Regulation of Implicit Social Cognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Brand Evaluations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Array

Implicit measures of social cognition have grown increasingly popular over the past two decades. Not only have they become ubiquitous within social psychology, but they are also now commonly applied in a broad array of domains beyond social psychology, ranging from brand evaluations to phobias to addiction. Their widespread use is largely due to the assumption that implicit measures provide a more clear view into hidden cognitive processes than do explicit (i.e., self-report) measures. However, there is debate about which cognitive processes implicit measures primarily reflect. Tasks such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) were initially designed to measure behavioral impulses induced by mental association between concepts (e.g., the outgroup) and attributes (e.g., negative). Although measures like the IAT do reflect behavioral impulses, self-regulation also plays an important role in inhibiting undesirable impulses.

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