Social Movements and the Politics of Bureaucratic Rights Enforcement: Insights from the Allocation of Disability Rights in France

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 450-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Revillard
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Mobilization ◽  
Disability Policy ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
Institutional Norms ◽  
And Control

While research on legal mobilization shows how social movements contribute to the definition and implementation of rights, it remains excessively centered on litigation to the detriment of administrative rights enforcement. This article maps out how street-level bureaucracies impact rights enforcement by distinguishing between allocation, access, and process, and analyzes how social movements intervene in these three aspects. It then focuses on allocation, using the case of French disability policy to analyze the forms of advocacy deployed by movement actors who take part in the rights allocation process at the local level. The article argues that conformity to institutional norms derives not so much from a pressure to conform as from the knowledge and experience of the limited means locally available to make rights effective. Further, it shows how advocacy is reframed from the defense of individual claims to a role of scrutiny and control of the bureaucratic allocation of rights.

Rural Movements and the Transition to Democracy in Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Herrera ◽  
John Markoff
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Dynamic Character ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Movement Activism

Scholars of Spain's democratic transition vary considerably in the role they attribute to movements. Spanish democratization is widely known for its successful elite negotiations and some describe it as an instance of democratization from above. For others it is a case of social movement activism creating problems for those elites negotiating the democratization process. Among those social movements, the least studied took place in the Spanish countryside. Rural movements played a role well beyond the standard accounts in two important ways. First, they challenged significant obstacles to democratization that elite deals had left in place at the local level. And, second, the local arena had major implications for the national scene. We trace the history of four rural campaigns that were a pivotal component of Spanish democratization. We conclude with some general observations on the role of social movements in imparting a dynamic character to democracy.

Devolution, not decarceration: The limits of juvenile justice reform in Texas

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cate
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Across the USA, a number of states have been reducing the number of juveniles sent to state-run corrections institutions. Findings from a case study on juvenile justice in Texas indicate that the effort to reduce the number of juveniles sent to large state institutions and to invest in “community-based corrections” has entrenched rather than challenged the role of the justice system in the lives of thousands of juveniles. Texas has cut the number of juveniles sent to state-run facilities, but has bolstered and expanded county probation and county detention, which is where the vast majority of juveniles have always been handled. Youth who continue to be sent to state-run facilities or who are housed in county-run institutions experience a high level of violence and are routinely subjected to solitary confinement. The popularity of deinstitutionalizing juveniles from state-run corrections institutions and increasing programming and control of offenders at the local level are animating the landscape of criminal justice policy across the country. The Texas case suggests that this narrow approach further consolidates the extensive role of the justice system in U.S. society.

To Each According to his Power? Participation, Access, and Vulnerability in Irrigation and Flood Management in Pakistan

10.1068/d338 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daanish Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Differential Vulnerability ◽  
And Control

In this paper I draw upon a realist conceptualization of power to inform the analysis of ethnographic data on access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard in Pakistan. I undertake an integrated analysis of the role of different types of power in influencing differential vulnerability to flood hazard and access to irrigation water in four local-level villages in central Pakistan. Three modes of power are identified: the feudal mode, the bourgeoisie mode, and the communal mode. Each of the modes relies on force, socialization, and control over resources, respectively, to ensure compliance. The villages which are dominated by large landowners tend to have the feudal mode of power as the predominant power structure, whereas the villages with relatively equal property ownership tend to have the communal mode as the dominant power structure. The analyses of power suggest that the participatory reforms in the water sector of Pakistan proposed by the World Bank are unlikely to lead to gains in either equity or efficiency as long as issues of differential power remain unaddressed.

scholarly journals Presenting a Conceptual Model to Explain the Role of Strategic Management and Planning in Islamic Banking Competitiveness

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Seyed Reza Seyed-Javadin ◽  
Reza Raei ◽  
Mohammad Javad Iravani ◽  
Mohammad Safari
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
And Control

Financial system is the heart of any economy. To superior performance in the national and local level it is essential to have an efficient and convenient banking system. What this study aimed to discuss is that strategic management principles, content and benefits should be considered in order to achieve a higher successfulness in the Islamic banking planning, implementation and control. In today financial services market lack of strategic and long term visions and planning is one of the challenges and problems related to the Islamic banking. Thus this paper aimed at present the theoretical framework to illustrate the key role of strategic management and planning in the Islamic banking successful management and implementation. In order to present the framework this study using qualitative method, based on the detailed literature review and previous researches according to the identified models of both strategic management and competitive advantage final theoretical model has been provided. Strategic management with its unique features is primary designed to help the organization operate successfully in dynamic, complex environment especially in the financial and banking markets. Strategic management links the basic elements of an organization so integrated that breakthrough in turbulent business environment can be achieved.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
Alessio Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Alternative Outcome ◽  
And Control

The period 1080–1130 sees the imposition of the signoria as the dominant system of power and control in the countryside of north-central Italy. This process was accompanied by a profound militarization of society evident in the building of castles, the rise of the class of milites, the increasing importance of military service in pacts and contracts, the upsurge in violence. The notion of fidelitas, once the prerogative of the sovereign, came to be used at a local level to underpin relationships between lords and their subject, often sealed by pacts. Whilst this gave an appearance of consent, at the other end of the spectrum lay violence and coercion which were inherent in the system. The imposition of dominatus loci did not inhibit and may actually have stimulated economic growth by extracting agricultural surplus and increasing elite demand for goods and raw materials. It also had demographic effects in that the rural population tended to become more concentrated in nuclear defended settlements and/or displaced to the cities. Finally, the Italian experience of the creation of the territorial lordship is discussed in the framework of trends across western Europe, concluding that Italy is more similar to Catalonia than northern France. Italy’s ‘exceptionality’ is most clearly evidenced in the rise of urban (but also rural) collectivities and the capacity of these to exercise a measure of political control over the surrounding countryside. The author insists on the role of rural collectivities which offered a concrete alternative outcome to the ‘segneurialization’ of power.

scholarly journals Bridging yesterday and tomorrow: Responses to the new disability rights paradigm in the post-socialist region

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eglė Šumskienė ◽  
Violeta Gevorgianiene ◽  
Rasa Geniene
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Disability Policy ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Global North ◽  
Intersection Points ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Disability Research

In the post-socialist region, both disability NGOs and disability research have been hostages of the medical model. The last decades mark the end of this dependence, however, a question remains over whether disability activism and research have become allies, implementing human rights-based disability policy. The goal of this paper is to reveal the relationship between academic disability research and disability activism and their influence on disability policy in the post-socialist region. The objectives of the research are to analyze the peculiarities of academic disability discourse and disability activism, their intersection points as well as their actual impact on disability policy. As a reference point for this analysis, we will take the trends of disability discourse and the rise of disability activism in the Global North countries. Thus, this paper contributes to the „careful dialogue" (Rassel, Iarskaia-Smirnova, 2013) between the post-socialist and Western understandings of disability. Authors overview the emergence of civil society and disability activism in post-socialist countries, discuss the changing role of researchers in the disability field, present and compare findings from experts' research, and quantitative content analysis of disability-related academic texts.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

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