To Each According to his Power? Participation, Access, and Vulnerability in Irrigation and Flood Management in Pakistan

10.1068/d338 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daanish Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Differential Vulnerability ◽  
And Control

In this paper I draw upon a realist conceptualization of power to inform the analysis of ethnographic data on access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard in Pakistan. I undertake an integrated analysis of the role of different types of power in influencing differential vulnerability to flood hazard and access to irrigation water in four local-level villages in central Pakistan. Three modes of power are identified: the feudal mode, the bourgeoisie mode, and the communal mode. Each of the modes relies on force, socialization, and control over resources, respectively, to ensure compliance. The villages which are dominated by large landowners tend to have the feudal mode of power as the predominant power structure, whereas the villages with relatively equal property ownership tend to have the communal mode as the dominant power structure. The analyses of power suggest that the participatory reforms in the water sector of Pakistan proposed by the World Bank are unlikely to lead to gains in either equity or efficiency as long as issues of differential power remain unaddressed.

Devolution, not decarceration: The limits of juvenile justice reform in Texas

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cate
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Across the USA, a number of states have been reducing the number of juveniles sent to state-run corrections institutions. Findings from a case study on juvenile justice in Texas indicate that the effort to reduce the number of juveniles sent to large state institutions and to invest in “community-based corrections” has entrenched rather than challenged the role of the justice system in the lives of thousands of juveniles. Texas has cut the number of juveniles sent to state-run facilities, but has bolstered and expanded county probation and county detention, which is where the vast majority of juveniles have always been handled. Youth who continue to be sent to state-run facilities or who are housed in county-run institutions experience a high level of violence and are routinely subjected to solitary confinement. The popularity of deinstitutionalizing juveniles from state-run corrections institutions and increasing programming and control of offenders at the local level are animating the landscape of criminal justice policy across the country. The Texas case suggests that this narrow approach further consolidates the extensive role of the justice system in U.S. society.

scholarly journals Gender and the Commons

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjini Murali ◽  
Ajay Bijoor ◽  
Charudutt Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Common Pool Resource ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Resource Governance ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Control

Studies on common pool resource governance have largely focused on men, who tend to have disproportionate rights and ownership with regards property and resources. This has resulted in the access and control rights of women being generally overlooked. Gender disaggregated analyses have revealed the important role of women in the governance of the commons. While certain commons may be relatively more important for women, there are variations in their level of resource access and management role, influenced by social structures and divisions. We examined the role of gender and how such intersectionality could shape the governance of the commons in the Spiti Valley in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. We found that gender, class, and caste intersected in the governance of irrigation water. Our study highlights the role of women in the governance of the commons and points to the nuanced and variable roles found within this gender group.

scholarly journals Presenting a Conceptual Model to Explain the Role of Strategic Management and Planning in Islamic Banking Competitiveness

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Seyed Reza Seyed-Javadin ◽  
Reza Raei ◽  
Mohammad Javad Iravani ◽  
Mohammad Safari
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
And Control

Financial system is the heart of any economy. To superior performance in the national and local level it is essential to have an efficient and convenient banking system. What this study aimed to discuss is that strategic management principles, content and benefits should be considered in order to achieve a higher successfulness in the Islamic banking planning, implementation and control. In today financial services market lack of strategic and long term visions and planning is one of the challenges and problems related to the Islamic banking. Thus this paper aimed at present the theoretical framework to illustrate the key role of strategic management and planning in the Islamic banking successful management and implementation. In order to present the framework this study using qualitative method, based on the detailed literature review and previous researches according to the identified models of both strategic management and competitive advantage final theoretical model has been provided. Strategic management with its unique features is primary designed to help the organization operate successfully in dynamic, complex environment especially in the financial and banking markets. Strategic management links the basic elements of an organization so integrated that breakthrough in turbulent business environment can be achieved.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
Alessio Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Alternative Outcome ◽  
And Control

The period 1080–1130 sees the imposition of the signoria as the dominant system of power and control in the countryside of north-central Italy. This process was accompanied by a profound militarization of society evident in the building of castles, the rise of the class of milites, the increasing importance of military service in pacts and contracts, the upsurge in violence. The notion of fidelitas, once the prerogative of the sovereign, came to be used at a local level to underpin relationships between lords and their subject, often sealed by pacts. Whilst this gave an appearance of consent, at the other end of the spectrum lay violence and coercion which were inherent in the system. The imposition of dominatus loci did not inhibit and may actually have stimulated economic growth by extracting agricultural surplus and increasing elite demand for goods and raw materials. It also had demographic effects in that the rural population tended to become more concentrated in nuclear defended settlements and/or displaced to the cities. Finally, the Italian experience of the creation of the territorial lordship is discussed in the framework of trends across western Europe, concluding that Italy is more similar to Catalonia than northern France. Italy’s ‘exceptionality’ is most clearly evidenced in the rise of urban (but also rural) collectivities and the capacity of these to exercise a measure of political control over the surrounding countryside. The author insists on the role of rural collectivities which offered a concrete alternative outcome to the ‘segneurialization’ of power.

Estimating irrigation contribution to apple tree water uptake by deuterium tracing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnese Aguzzoni ◽  
Michael Engel ◽  
Damiano Zanotelli ◽  
Francesco Comiti ◽  
Massimo Tagliavini
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
And Control

<p>Against the background of a future decrease in water availability, there is a need to use irrigation water with higher efficiency. To improve water management, it is crucial to clarify the role of irrigation water compared to soil water and additional water sources, including groundwater, which is often neglected by most water balance models.</p><p>We used deuterium-enriched water as tracer to distinguish irrigation water from soil water and groundwater and evaluate its contribution to the apple tree water uptake. The study was conducted in an apple orchard (Malus domestica, cv. Pinova) located in a flat area of the Venosta valley (South Tyrol, Italy) characterized by shallow groundwater (about 0.9 m from the ground). Before the experiment, the soil was covered for two weeks to prevent rain and irrigation from entering the soil. In July 2019, deuterium-enriched water (40 L/m<sup>2</sup>, <em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 1500 ‰) was homogenously applied to the soil in four plots. In the proximity of each irrigated plot, not-irrigated trees were present (controls). From both irrigated and control plots, soil, leaf and shoot axis samples were collected starting from 2 hours until 7 days after the irrigation. Total tree and soil water was extracted through cryogenic vacuum distillation. Soil and plant water isotope composition was measured at the IRIS (Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy) and at the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) analyzer, respectively. Reference ET for the period was 3.3 mm day<sup>-1</sup> on average.</p><p>Soil moisture in both irrigated and control soils decreased from the surface to 0.4-0.5 m soil depth and then progressively increased again until 0.8 m depth, in line with a maximum capillary rise of approximately 0.4 m estimated by models for a silty loam soil. In the upper 0.5 m soil layer, where around 80 % of total fine roots were concentrated, labeled irrigation water represented ca. 20 % of total soil water. The labeled water firstly appeared in the shoots starting from 8 hours from the irrigation (average <em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 27.4 ‰) and the deuterium concentration reached its maximum after 24-48 hours from water supply (<em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 68.1 ‰). At this time, irrigation water accounted for 8 % of the shoot extracted water. Considering the average deuterium abundance of the extracted water in the first 0.5 m soil layer, where labeled irrigation water mixed with soil water, we estimated that 35-40 % of the shoot water had been absorbed from such a layer. These preliminary results highlight the complexity of soil-water-plant interactions and call for additional investigation to understand the role of the soil water present before irrigation that could be preferentially taken up by roots. Additionally, the contribution of an upward flux from groundwater should be quantified.</p><p> </p>

Social Movements and the Politics of Bureaucratic Rights Enforcement: Insights from the Allocation of Disability Rights in France

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 450-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Revillard
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Mobilization ◽  
Disability Policy ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
Institutional Norms ◽  
And Control

While research on legal mobilization shows how social movements contribute to the definition and implementation of rights, it remains excessively centered on litigation to the detriment of administrative rights enforcement. This article maps out how street-level bureaucracies impact rights enforcement by distinguishing between allocation, access, and process, and analyzes how social movements intervene in these three aspects. It then focuses on allocation, using the case of French disability policy to analyze the forms of advocacy deployed by movement actors who take part in the rights allocation process at the local level. The article argues that conformity to institutional norms derives not so much from a pressure to conform as from the knowledge and experience of the limited means locally available to make rights effective. Further, it shows how advocacy is reframed from the defense of individual claims to a role of scrutiny and control of the bureaucratic allocation of rights.

How is the Role of Ecosystem Services Considered in Local Level Flood Management Policies: Case Study in Cumbria, England

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazmul Huq ◽  
Alexander Stubbings
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Risk Management ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Management Policies

The purpose of the paper is to investigate how local level flood policies consider Natural Flood Management (NFM) as a risk reduction mechanism in England. Methods used include a review of European and English national legislative and other flood management policy instruments as well as a case study of Cumbria County’s local flood management policies. The legislative and other policy instruments at both European and English national level demonstrated increasing level of NFM consideration for local flood risk management. In Cumbrian context, flood management policies are mostly aligned to the traditional structural defence-based approach; however, emergence and importance of non-structural measures including NFM are clearly evident, are visibly influenced by the European and national policies. The numbers of potential NFM actions in local flood policies are nonetheless insignificant compared to the NFM potentials, but these can be worked in as a starting point for wider scale consideration and implementation.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

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