scholarly journals The scale dependency of trait‐based tree neighborhood models

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Zambrano ◽  
Noelle G. Beckman ◽  
Philippe Marchand ◽  
Jill Thompson ◽  
María Uriarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Neighborhood Models

Systems analysis of urban wastewater systems – two systematic approaches to analyse a complex system

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Benedetti ◽  
F. Blumensaat ◽  
G. Bönisch ◽  
G. Dirckx ◽  
N. Jardin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Critical Pathways ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
River Stretch ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Wastewater Systems ◽  
Receiving Water

This work was aimed at performing an analysis of the integrated urban wastewater system (catchment area, sewer, WWTP, receiving water). It focused on analysing the substance fluxes going through the system to identify critical pathways of pollution, as well as assessing the effectiveness of energy consumption and operational/capital costs. Two different approaches were adopted in the study to analyse urban wastewater systems of diverse characteristics. In the first approach a wide ranged analysis of a system at river basin scale is applied. The Nete river basin in Belgium, a tributary of the Schelde, was analysed through the 29 sewer catchments constituting the basin. In the second approach a more detailed methodology was developed to separately analyse two urban wastewater systems situated within the Ruhr basin (Germany) on a river stretch scale. The paper mainly focuses on the description of the method applied. Only the most important results are presented. The main outcomes of these studies are: the identification of stressors on the receiving water bodies, an extensive benchmarking of wastewater systems, and the evidence of the scale dependency of results in such studies.

scholarly journals Spatial variability and its scale dependency of observed and modeled soil moisture over different climate regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1177-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
M. Rodell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Convex Shape ◽  
Spatial Moments ◽  
Environmental Controls

Abstract. Past studies on soil moisture spatial variability have been mainly conducted at catchment scales where soil moisture is often sampled over a short time period; as a result, the observed soil moisture often exhibited smaller dynamic ranges, which prevented the complete revelation of soil moisture spatial variability as a function of mean soil moisture. In this study, spatial statistics (mean, spatial variability and skewness) of in situ soil moisture, modeled and satellite-retrieved soil moisture obtained in a warm season (198 days) were examined over three large climate regions in the US. The study found that spatial moments of in situ measurements strongly depend on climates, with distinct mean, spatial variability and skewness observed in each climate zone. In addition, an upward convex shape, which was revealed in several smaller scale studies, was observed for the relationship between spatial variability of in situ soil moisture and its spatial mean when statistics from dry, intermediate, and wet climates were combined. This upward convex shape was vaguely or partially observable in modeled and satellite-retrieved soil moisture estimates due to their smaller dynamic ranges. Despite different environmental controls on large-scale soil moisture spatial variability, the correlation between spatial variability and mean soil moisture remained similar to that observed at small scales, which is attributed to the boundedness of soil moisture. From the smaller support (effective area or volume represented by a measurement or estimate) to larger ones, soil moisture spatial variability decreased in each climate region. The scale dependency of spatial variability all followed the power law, but data with large supports showed stronger scale dependency than those with smaller supports. The scale dependency of soil moisture variability also varied with climates, which may be linked to the scale dependency of precipitation spatial variability. Influences of environmental controls on soil moisture spatial variability at large scales are discussed. The results of this study should be useful for diagnosing large scale soil moisture estimates and for improving the estimation of land surface processes.

scholarly journals Scale Dependency of the Effective Matrix Diffusion Coefficient

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Liu ◽  
G. S. Bodvarsson ◽  
G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Matrix Diffusion ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Effective Matrix

scholarly journals Scale Dependency of the Effective Matrix Diffusion Coefficient

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Liu ◽  
G. S. Bodvarsson ◽  
G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Matrix Diffusion ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Effective Matrix

scholarly journals Spatial variability and its scale dependency of observed and modeled soil moisture under different climate conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 10245-10276 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
M. Rodell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Convex Shape ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Spatial Moments

Abstract. Past studies on soil moisture spatial variability have been mainly conducted in catchment scales where soil moisture is often sampled over a short time period. Because of limited climate and weather conditions, the observed soil moisture often exhibited smaller dynamic ranges which prevented the complete revelation of soil moisture spatial variability as a function of mean soil moisture. In this study, spatial statistics (mean, spatial variability and skewness) of in situ soil moisture measurements (from a continuously monitored network across the US), modeled and satellite retrieved soil moisture obtained in a warm season (198 days) were examined at large extent scales (>100 km) over three different climate regions. The investigation on in situ measurements revealed that their spatial moments strongly depend on climates, with distinct mean, spatial variability and skewness observed in each climate zone. In addition, an upward convex shape, which was revealed in several smaller scale studies, was observed for the relationship between spatial variability of in situ soil moisture and its spatial mean across dry, intermediate, and wet climates. These climate specific features were vaguely or partially observable in modeled and satellite retrieved soil moisture estimates, which is attributed to the fact that these two data sets do not have climate specific and seasonal sensitive mean soil moisture values, in addition to lack of dynamic ranges. From the point measurements to satellite retrievals, soil moisture spatial variability decreased in each climate region. The three data sources all followed the power law in the scale dependency of spatial variability, with coarser resolution data showing stronger scale dependency than finer ones. The main findings from this study are: (1) the statistical distribution of soil moisture depends on spatial mean soil moisture values and thus need to be derived locally within any given area; (2) the boundedness of soil moisture plays a pivoting role in the dependency of soil moisture spatial variability/skewness on its mean (and thus climate conditions); (3) the scale dependency of soil moisture spatial variability changes with climate conditions.

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