scholarly journals Vertebral pneumaticity is correlated with serial variation in vertebral shape in storks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Shape

scholarly journals Evolution of Neck Vertebral Shape and Neck Retraction at the Transition to Modern Turtles: an Integrated Geometric Morphometric Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Werneburg ◽  
L. A. B. Wilson ◽  
W. C. H. Parr ◽  
W. G. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Vertebral Shape

scholarly journals Spinopelvic alignment and lumbar vertebral shape in children: associations with structural spinal abnormalities and body composition in the generation R study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen M. van den Heuvel ◽  
Nathalie E. Griffioen ◽  
Hakim C. Achterberg ◽  
Edwin H. G. Oei ◽  
Jeroen J. M. Renkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Pelvic Incidence ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Disc Height ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spinopelvic Alignment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vertebral Shape

Abstract Purpose To investigate the spinopelvic alignment and vertebral shape in children, and associations with body composition and structural spinal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods We performed a cross-sectional study embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based birth cohort. Pelvic incidence and vertebral concavity ratios for each lumbar level were determined on sagittal MRI images in 9-year-old children, and structural spinal abnormalities were scored semi-quantitatively. The BMI-SD score was calculated, and body composition was assessed using DXA scans. Associations of pelvic incidence and vertebral concavity ratios with structural abnormalities and body composition measures were assessed using (multilevel) regression analyses. Results This study included 522 participants (47.7% boys), aged 9.9 years (IQR 9.7–10.0). The mean pelvic incidence was 36.6° (SD 8.0). Vertebral concavity ratios ranged from 0.87 to 0.90, with significantly lower ratios for boys compared to girls. Associations were found for a larger pelvic incidence with decreased disc height [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.02–1.05)], and a pelvic incidence in the lowest tertile with less disc bulging [OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.56–0.95)]. Increased vertebral concavity ratio was associated with decreased disc height [OR 14.16 (95% CI 1.28–157.13)]. Finally, increased fat-free mass index was associated with a smaller pelvic incidence [adjusted OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.07–1.63)]. Conclusion The mean pelvic incidence of 9-year-old children is 36.6° on supine MRI images, and a slightly concave shape of the lumbar vertebrae is seen. Spinopelvic alignment is associated with structural spinal abnormalities, and might itself be influenced by the children’s body composition.

scholarly journals Spondylolysis and spinal adaptations for bipedalism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Kimberly A Plomp ◽  
Keith Dobney ◽  
Mark Collard
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Fracture ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Schmorl’S Nodes ◽  
Vertebral Shape ◽  
Range Of Variation

Abstract Background and objectives The study reported here focused on the aetiology of spondylolysis, a vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. The goal was to test the Overshoot Hypothesis, which proposes that people develop spondylolysis because their vertebral shape is at the highly derived end of the range of variation within Homo sapiens. Methodology We recorded 3D data on the final lumbar vertebrae of H. sapiens and three great ape species, and performed three analyses. First, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis. Second, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae. Lastly, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae and to vertebrae of H. sapiens with Schmorl’s nodes, which previous studies have shown tend to be located at the ancestral end of the range of H. sapiens shape variation. Results We found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are significantly different in shape from healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. We also found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are more distant from great ape vertebrae than are healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. Lastly, we found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are at the opposite end of the range of shape variation than vertebrae with Schmorl’s nodes. Conclusions Our findings indicate that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis tend to exhibit highly derived traits and therefore support the Overshoot Hypothesis. Spondylolysis, it appears, is linked to our lineage’s evolutionary history, especially its shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. Lay summary: Spondylolysis is a relatively common vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. There is reason to think that it might be connected with our lineage’s evolutionary shift from walking on all fours to walking on two legs. We tested this idea by comparing human vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to the vertebrae of great apes. Our results support the hypothesis. They suggest that people who experience spondylolysis have vertebrae with what are effectively exaggerated adaptations for bipedalism.

scholarly journals Inorganic, organic, and encapsulated minerals in vegetable meal based diets forSparus aurata(Linnaeus, 1758)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3710 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Domínguez ◽  
Simona Rimoldi ◽  
Lidia E. Robaina ◽  
Silvia Torrecillas ◽  
Genciana Terova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Organic Minerals ◽  
Vertebral Shape

Substituting fishmeal (FM) with vegetable meal (VM) can markedly affect the mineral composition of feeds, and may require additional mineral supplementation. Their bioavailability and optimal supplementation levels depend also on the form of delivery of minerals. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different delivery forms of three major trace elements (Zn, Mn and Se) in a marine teleost. Gilthead sea bream juveniles of 22.5 g were fed a VM-based diet for 12 weeks that was either not supplemented with these minerals or supplemented with inorganic, organic, or encapsulated inorganic forms of minerals in triplicate and compared to a FM-based diet. Our results showed that mineral delivery form significantly affected the biochemical composition and morphology of posterior vertebrae. Supplementation of VM-based diets with inorganic forms of the target minerals significantly promoted growth, increased the vertebral weight and content of ash and Zn, enhanced bone mineralization and affected the vertebral shape. Conversely, encapsulation of inorganic minerals reduced fish growth and vertebral mineral content, whereas supplementation of organic minerals, enhanced bone osteogenesis by upregulating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2)gene and produced vertebrae with a larger length in relation to height. Furthermore, organic mineral forms of delivery downregulated the expression of oxidative stress related genes, such as Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Znsod) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (gpx-1),suggesting thus that dietary minerals supplemented in the organic form could be reasonably considered more effective than the inorganic and encapsulated forms of supply.

scholarly journals Convergent Evolution of Elongate Forms in Craniates and of Locomotion in Elongate Squamate Reptiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J Bergmann ◽  
Sara D W Mann ◽  
Gen Morinaga ◽  
Elyse S Freitas ◽  
Cameron D Siler
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Vertebral Number ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Vertebral Shape

Abstract Synopsis Elongate, snake- or eel-like, body forms have evolved convergently many times in most major lineages of vertebrates. Despite studies of various clades with elongate species, we still lack an understanding of their evolutionary dynamics and distribution on the vertebrate tree of life. We also do not know whether this convergence in body form coincides with convergence at other biological levels. Here, we present the first craniate-wide analysis of how many times elongate body forms have evolved, as well as rates of its evolution and reversion to a non-elongate form. We then focus on five convergently elongate squamate species and test if they converged in vertebral number and shape, as well as their locomotor performance and kinematics. We compared each elongate species to closely related quadrupedal species and determined whether the direction of vertebral or locomotor change matched in each case. The five lineages examined are obscure species from remote locations, providing a valuable glimpse into their biology. They are the skink lizards Brachymeles lukbani, Lerista praepedita, and Isopachys anguinoides, the basal squamate Dibamus novaeguineae, and the basal snake Malayotyphlops cf. ruficaudus. Our results support convergence among these species in the number of trunk and caudal vertebrae, but not vertebral shape. We also find that the elongate species are relatively slower than their limbed counterparts and move with lower frequency and higher amplitude body undulations, with the exception of Isopachys. This is among the first evidence of locomotor convergence across distantly related, elongate species.

In Vivo Assessment of Thoracic Vertebral Shape From MRI Data Using a Shape Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524
Author(s):  
Judith R. Meakin ◽  
Susan J. Hopkins ◽  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Shape Model ◽  
Vertebral Shape ◽  
In Vivo Assessment
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