scholarly journals STED nanoscopy – A novel way to image the pore space of geological materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl‐Heinz Hellmuth ◽  
Juuso Sammaljärvi ◽  
Marja Siitari‐Kauppi ◽  
Jean‐Charles Robinet ◽  
Paul Sardini
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Geological Materials

Correlation of Pore Structure and Permeability by SEM-Image Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
C. A. Callender ◽  
Wm. C. Dawson ◽  
J. J. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Image Analyzer ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rock Types

The geometric structure of pore space in some carbonate rocks can be correlated with petrophysical measurements by quantitatively analyzing binaries generated from SEM images. Reservoirs with similar porosities can have markedly different permeabilities. Image analysis identifies which characteristics of a rock are responsible for the permeability differences. Imaging data can explain unusual fluid flow patterns which, in turn, can improve production simulation models.Analytical SchemeOur sample suite consists of 30 Middle East carbonates having porosities ranging from 21 to 28% and permeabilities from 92 to 2153 md. Engineering tests reveal the lack of a consistent (predictable) relationship between porosity and permeability (Fig. 1). Finely polished thin sections were studied petrographically to determine rock texture. The studied thin sections represent four petrographically distinct carbonate rock types ranging from compacted, poorly-sorted, dolomitized, intraclastic grainstones to well-sorted, foraminiferal,ooid, peloidal grainstones. The samples were analyzed for pore structure by a Tracor Northern 5500 IPP 5B/80 image analyzer and a 80386 microprocessor-based imaging system. Between 30 and 50 SEM-generated backscattered electron images (frames) were collected per thin section. Binaries were created from the gray level that represents the pore space. Calculated values were averaged and the data analyzed to determine which geological pore structure characteristics actually affect permeability.

COPPER (Cu2+) REMOVAL FROM WATER USING NATURAL ZEOLITE FROM GEDANGSARI, GUNUNGKIDUL, YOGYAKARTA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Wilopo ◽  
Septiawan Nur Haryono ◽  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra ◽  
I Wayan Warmada ◽  
Tsuyoshi Hirajima
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Adsorption Equilibrium ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Batch Test ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption

Development of indusrialization and urbanization not only increase economic growth but also contribute to the environmental degradation, especially contamination of heavy metals in water. In other side, there are many geological materials have capability to immobilize heavy metals. Therefore, the objective of this research is to know the maximum capacity of natural zeolite from Trembono area, Gunung Kidul regency to immobilize copper (Cu2+) from water and to understand their mechanism. This experiment was carry out by a batch test. The result showed that the maximum capacity of zeolite to immobilize Cu (qmax) is 63,69 mmolCu/kg Zeolite according to Langmuir adsorption equilibrium model. In addition, the capability to immobilize Cu will increases due to decreasing the grain size. The result of this research can be used as an alternative for waste water treatment, especially Cu. Keywords: Removal, copper (Cu2+), natural zeolite, Langmuir isotherm

scholarly journals Cyclic Subcritical Water Injection into Bazhenov Oil Shale: Geochemical and Petrophysical Properties Evolution Due to Hydrothermal Exposure

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4570
Author(s):  
Aman Turakhanov ◽  
Albina Tsyshkova ◽  
Elena Mukhina ◽  
Evgeny Popov ◽  
Darya Kalacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Microstructural Properties ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Geochemical Parameters

In situ shale or kerogen oil production is a promising approach to developing vast oil shale resources and increasing world energy demand. In this study, cyclic subcritical water injection in oil shale was investigated in laboratory conditions as a method for in situ oil shale retorting. Fifteen non-extracted oil shale samples from Bazhenov Formation in Russia (98 °C and 23.5 MPa reservoir conditions) were hydrothermally treated at 350 °C and in a 25 MPa semi-open system during 50 h in the cyclic regime. The influence of the artificial maturation on geochemical parameters, elastic and microstructural properties was studied. Rock-Eval pyrolysis of non-extracted and extracted oil shale samples before and after hydrothermal exposure and SARA analysis were employed to analyze bitumen and kerogen transformation to mobile hydrocarbons and immobile char. X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) was performed to characterize the microstructural properties of pore space. The results demonstrated significant porosity, specific pore surface area increase, and the appearance of microfractures in organic-rich layers. Acoustic measurements were carried out to estimate the alteration of elastic properties due to hydrothermal treatment. Both Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio decreased due to kerogen transformation to heavy oil and bitumen, which remain trapped before further oil and gas generation, and expulsion occurs. Ultimately, a developed kinetic model was applied to match kerogen and bitumen transformation with liquid and gas hydrocarbons production. The nonlinear least-squares optimization problem was solved during the integration of the system of differential equations to match produced hydrocarbons with pyrolysis derived kerogen and bitumen decomposition.

scholarly journals Estimation of permeability and saturation based on imaginary component of complex resistivity spectra: A laboratory study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Jiang Jia ◽  
Shizhen Ke ◽  
Junjian Li ◽  
Zhengming Kang ◽  
Xuerui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Western China ◽  
Imaginary Component ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Complex Resistivity ◽  
Linear Relationships

AbstractLow-frequency resistivity logging plays an important role in the field of petroleum exploration, but the complex resistivity spectrum of rock also contains a large amount of information about reservoir parameters. The complex resistivity spectra of 15 natural sandstone cores from western China, with different water saturations, were measured with an impedance analyzer. The pore space of each core was saturated with NaCl solution, and measurements were collected at a frequency range of 40–15 MHz. The results showed a linear relationship between the real resistivity at 1 kHz and the maximum values of imaginary resistivity for each core with different water saturations. The slopes of the linear best-fit lines had good linear relationships with the porosity and the permeability of cores. Based on this, a permeability estimation model was proposed and tested. In addition, the maxima of imaginary resistivity had power exponential relationships with the porosity and the water saturation of the cores. A saturation evaluation model based on the maxima of imaginary resistivity was established by imitating Archie’s formula. The new models were found to be feasible for determining the permeability and saturation of sandstone based on complex resistivity spectrum measurements. These models advance the application of complex resistivity spectrum in petrophysics.

scholarly journals Use of Image Correlation to Measure Macroscopic Strains by Hygric Swelling in Sandstone Rocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2495
Author(s):  
Belén Ferrer ◽  
María-Baralida Tomás ◽  
David Mas
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Porous Sandstone ◽  
Variable Displacement

Some materials undergo hygric expansion when soaked. In porous rocks, this effect is enhanced by the pore space, because it allows water to reach every part of its volume and to hydrate most swelling parts. In the vicinity, this enlargement has negative structural consequences as adjacent elements support some compressions or displacements. In this work, we propose a normalized cross-correlation between rock surface texture images to determine the hygric expansion of such materials. We used small porous sandstone samples (11 × 11 × 30 mm3) to measure hygric swelling. The experimental setup comprised an industrial digital camera and a telecentric objective. We took one image every 5 min for 3 h to characterize the whole swelling process. An error analysis of both the mathematical and experimental methods was performed. The results showed that the proposed methodology provided, despite some limitations, reliable hygric swelling information by a non-contact methodology with an accuracy of 1 micron and permitted the deformation in both the vertical and horizontal directions to be explored, which is an advantage over traditional linear variable displacement transformers.

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