Influence of heating rate during microwave pasteurization of ground beef products: Experimental and numerical study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Detomi De Albuquerque ◽  
Sébastien Curet ◽  
Lionel Boillereaux
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Microwave Pasteurization

Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella senftenberg, and Enzymes with Potential as Time-Temperature Indicators in Ground Beef

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALICIA ORTA-RAMIREZ ◽  
JAMES F. PRICE ◽  
YIH-CHIH HSU ◽  
GIRIDARAN J. VEERAMUTHU ◽  
JAMIE S. CHERRY-MERRITT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Triose Phosphate ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Z Value ◽  
D Values ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg

The USDA has established processing schedules for beef products based on the destruction of pathogens. Several enzymes have been suggested as potential indicators of heat processing. However, no relationship between the inactivation rates of these enzymes and those of pathogenic microorganisms has been determined. Our objective was to compare the thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella senftenberg to those of endogenous muscle proteins. Inoculated and noninoculated ground beef samples were heated at four temperatures for predetermined intervals of time in thermal-death-time studies. Bacterial counts were determined and enzymes were assayed for residual activity. The D values for E. coli O157:H7 were 46.10, 6.44, 0.43, and 0.12 min at 53, 58, 63, and 68°C, respectively, with a z value of 5.60°C. The D values for S. senftenberg were 53.00, 15.17, 2.08, and 0.22 min at 53, 58, 63, and 68°C, respectively, with a z value of 6.24°C. Apparent D values at 53, 58, 63, and 68°C were 352.93, 26.31, 5.56, and 3.33 min for acid phosphatase; 6968.64, 543.48, 19.61, and 1.40 min for lactate dehydrogenase; and 3870.97, 2678.59, 769.23, and 42.92 min for peroxidase; with z values of 7.41,3.99, and 7.80°C, respectively. Apparent D values at 53, 58, 63, and 66°C were 325.03, 60.07, 3.07, and 1.34 min for phosphoglycerate mutase; 606.72, 89.86, 4.40, and 1.28 min for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; and 153.06, 20.13, 2.25, and 0.74 min for triose phosphate isomerase; with z values of 5.18, 4.71, and 5.56°C, respectively. The temperature dependence of triose phosphate isomerase was similar to those of both E. coli O157 :H7 and S. senftenberg, suggesting that this enzyme could be used as an endogenous time-temperature indicator in beef products.

Comparison of Rapid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Immunomagnetic Separation Methods for Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in Fecal, Hide, Carcass, and Ground Beef Samples

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2230-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. THOMPSON ◽  
T. P. STEPHENS ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
M. F. MILLER ◽  
M. M. BRASHEARS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Products

Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are approved for detection of Escherichia coli O157 in beef products. However, these kits have also been used in the industry to detect this pathogen on hides or in feces of cattle, although this use has not been validated. The objective of this study was to compare commercially available ELISAs (E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP) with immunomagnetic separation along with selective media to detect E. coli O157 on hides, in feces, and in medium- and low-level-inoculated ground beef and carcasses (simulated by using briskets) samples. Naturally infected hide and fecal samples were subjected to both the immunomagnetic separation method and ELISAs for the detection of E. coli O157. Additionally, E. coli O157 inoculated and noninoculated ground beef and beef briskets were used to simulate meat and carcass samples. When comparing the detection results from the ELISAs (E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP) to the immunomagnetic separation method, poor agreement was observed for fecal samples (kappa = 0.10, 0.02, and 0.03 for E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP, respectively), and fair-to-moderate agreement was observed for hide samples (kappa = 0.30, 0.51, and 0.29 for E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP, respectively). However, there was near-perfect agreement between the immunomagnetic separation method and ELISAs for ground beef (kappa = 1, 1, and 0.80 for E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP, respectively) and brisket (kappa = 1, 1, and 1 for E. coli Now, Reveal, and VIP, respectively) samples. Assuming immunomagnetic separation is the best available method, these data suggest that the ELISAs are not useful in detecting E. coli O157 from hide or fecal samples. However, when ELISAs are used on ground beef and beef brisket samples they can be used with a high degree of confidence.

scholarly journals 99 Effects of replacing monensin and tylosin in finishing cattle diets with essential oil and/or benzoic acid on meat color and oxidative stability of ribeye steaks and ground beef

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Lydia M Wang ◽  
Shiqi Huang ◽  
Sebastian Chalupa-Krebzdak ◽  
Sandra M Vasquez Mejia ◽  
Benjamin M Bohrer
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Instrumental Color ◽  
Beef Products

Abstract This study examined the effects of replacing monensin and tylosin with essential oils and/or benzoic acid in finishing cattle diets on beef color stability and lipid oxidation during a simulated retail display period. The longissimus thoracis (LT) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were obtained from 63 steers that were fed for 98 days on 1 of 5 finishing diets: no additional supplement (CON), monensin/tylosin (M/T), essential oils (EO), benzoic acid (BA), or a combination of essential oils and benzoic acid (COMBO). Instrumental color measured with a Minolta colorimeter and visual discoloration evaluated by two trained panelists were recorded daily for three beef products placed under simulated retail conditions, until a 60% surface discoloration was observed. The three beef products evaluated were LT steaks, and two types of ground beef patties manufactured with the SM muscles (lean – no additional fat and regular – 25% added fat). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was used before and after the shelf life display to determine the degree of lipid oxidation for products during the display. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using repeated measures. Results indicated a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.0001) for visual discoloration and instrumental color of all three products. At the end of the display period, products from the COMBO diet had on average the least amount of visual discoloration and the greatest a* (redness) value, while the CON steaks and M/T ground beef had the most discoloration and the lowest a* values. TBARS values at d 0 and d 7 did not differ (P > 0.23) among treatments for all three products. Overall, supplemental ingredients in feed did not affect the color and degree of lipid oxidation of steaks and ground beef to a level deemed detrimental.

Multistate Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections Associated with Ground Beef, October to December 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1315-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. SCHNEIDER ◽  
P. L. WHITE ◽  
J. WEISS ◽  
D. NORTON ◽  
J. LIDGARD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chain Store ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
California Department ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
Control Study

In late October 2007, an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport infections affected 42 case patients in California, Arizona, Idaho, and Nevada. A case-control study implicated ground beef from one chain store. Despite detailed ground beef purchase histories—including shopper card information for several case patients—traceback efforts by both the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service and the California Department of Public Health were unable to identify the source of contamination. Case patients consumed multiple types of ground beef products purchased at numerous chain store A retail locations. These stores had received beef products for grinding from multiple beef slaughter–processing establishments. Detailed retail grinding logs and grinding policies that prevent cross-contamination between batches of ground beef products are crucial in the identification of contaminated beef products associated with foodborne illness.

Antimicrobial resistance in United States retail ground beef with and without label claims regarding antibiotic use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Schmidt ◽  
Amit Vikram ◽  
Enrique Doster ◽  
Kevin Thomas ◽  
Margaret D Weinroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Health Impacts ◽  
Beef Products

Antibiotics used during food-animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from 6 U. S. cities. Samples with a RWA or USDA Organic claim ( N = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims ( N = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample and qPCR was used to determine the abundance of ten antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV = 46.3%; RWA = 34.4%, P &lt; 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV = 48.0%; RWA = 37.5%, P = 0.01) were more frequently detected in CONV. Salmonella were detected in 1.2% of samples. The ARG bla CTX-M (CONV = 4.1 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 3.8 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The ARGs mecA (CONV = 4.4 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.9 log 10 normalized abundance, P = 0.05), tet (A) (CONV = 3.9 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.5 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01), tet (B) (CONV = 3.9 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.5 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01), and tet (M) (CONV = 5.4 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 5.8 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U. S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to AMR via ground beef quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative assessments regarding the human health impacts of antimicrobial uses during beef production.

Comparison of the Microbial Quality of Ground Beef and Ground Beef Patties from Internet and Local Retail Markets†

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1722-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PAO ◽  
M. R. ETTINGER
Keyword(s):  
Ground Beef ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Patties ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Careful Handling

This study evaluated the microbial quality of ground beef and ground beef patties sold at local (Virginia) and Internet (U.S.) retail markets. A total of 152 ground beef products, consisting of locally purchased raw ground beef (LRG) and frozen beef patties (LFP) and Internet-procured frozen ground beef (IFG) and frozen beef patties (IFP), were tested. Results showed that LFP had significantly lower levels of aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and coliforms than LRG, IFG, and IFP. Furthermore, IFG had greater numbers of Escherichia coli than LRG and LFP. No sample was contaminated with E. coli O157: H7, but one duplicate set of summer LFP samples contained Salmonella. Listeria spp. were present in 25 and 29% of samples from local and Internet markets, respectively. About 5.0, 11.1, 10.5, and 7.9% of LRG, LFP, IFG, and IFP samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes. This study identified differences in microbial quality between local and Internet products. Careful handling and thorough cooking of ground beef products, regardless of market source, are recommended to prevent foodborne illness.

Salmonella and Campylobacter Baseline in Retail Ground Beef and Whole-Muscle Cuts Purchased during 2010 in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2110-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
JESSIE L. VIPHAM ◽  
MINDY M. BRASHEARS ◽  
GUY H. LONERAGAN ◽  
ALEJANDRO ECHEVERRY ◽  
J. CHANCE BROOKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Biochemical Testing ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. cause a considerable number of human illnesses each year, and the vast majority of cases are foodborne. The purpose of this study was to establish the baseline of Salmonella and Campylobacter in beef products purchased from U.S. retail markets. Sampling was carried out in 38 American cities. Retail raw ground and whole-muscle beef (n = 2,885) samples were purchased and examined for the presence of Salmonella. Samples testing positive for Salmonella were identified with the commercial BAX System, which is a real-time PCR–based system. Of the original samples purchased, 1,185 were selected and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. Positive samples were isolated via direct plating and confirmed via agglutination and biochemical testing. Salmonella was detected in 0.66% of the total samples purchased. The prevalence of Salmonella in ground beef packages was 0.42% for modified atmosphere packaging, 0.63% for chub packaging, and 0.59% for overwrapped packages. Salmonella was detected in 1.02% of whole-muscle cuts. There was no relationship (P = 0.18) between product type (ground or whole muscle) and the percentage of positive samples. Campylobacter was recovered from 9.3% of samples. A greater percentage (17.24%, P &lt; 0.01) of whole-muscle cuts tested positive for Campylobacter compared with ground beef samples (7.35%). Estimating pathogen baselines in U.S. retail beef is essential for allotting resources and directing interventions for pathogen control. These data can be utilized for a more complete understanding of these pathogens and their impact on public health from the consumption of beef products.

scholarly journals Food Safety and Food Access: A Pilot Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen K. Silbergeld ◽  
Jose Augusto Frisancho ◽  
Joel Gittelsohn ◽  
Elizabeth T. Anderson Steeves ◽  
Matthew F. Blum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
High Food ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Neighborhood Level

<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of testing the hypothesis that differences in neighborhood level food access may be associated with consumer exposure to food borne microbial contamination.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was carried out in Baltimore MD in 2011 among selected neighborhoods defined as high or low food access. In each category, packages of chicken thighs and ground beef were purchased from small stores and supermarkets. We evaluated presence of <em>E</em><em>.</em><em> coli </em>and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and also tested isolates for antimicrobial resistance.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Microbial contamination of both chicken and beef products was highly prevalent (<em>S</em><em>.</em><em> aureus</em><em>-</em>13/32 for chicken and 14/32 for beef; <em>E</em><em>.</em><em> coli</em> 21/32 for chicken and 12/32 for beef). Small stores were more likely to sell food carrying these microbes as well as MDR strains of both <em>E</em><em>.</em><em> coli</em> and <em>S</em><em>.</em><em> aureus</em>, and chicken was more likely to carry <em>E</em><em>.</em><em> coli</em> as compared to ground beef.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study of this hypothesis. While it is limited in size and in focus on one US city, the results indicate that further research is appropriate to examine neighborhood level risk factors for differential exposures to food borne microbes.</p> <p><strong>Abbreviations</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong><em>S</em><em>.</em><em> aureus </em>(<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>);<em> E</em><em>.</em><em> coli </em>(<em>Escherichia coli</em>),<em> </em>MRSA (methicilllin resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>),<em> </em>MDR (multi-drug resistant), LFA (low food access), HFA (high food access). FDA (US Food and Drug Administration), USDA (US Department of Agriculture), CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute).</p>

Effects of Salt, Sodium Pyrophosphate, and Sodium Lactate on the Probability of Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef †

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHENG-AN HWANG ◽  
VIJAY JUNEJA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Sodium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Products

Ground beef products are susceptible to contamination with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of salt, sodium pyrophosphate (SPP), and sodium lactate on the probability of growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef under a temperature abuse condition. Ground beef containing 0 to 2.25% salt, 0 to 0.5% SPP, and 0 to 3% lactate was inoculated with a four-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7, vacuum packaged, and stored at 10°C for 15 days. A total of 25 combinations of the three additives, each with 20 samples, were tested. A logistic regression was used to model the probability of growth of E. coli O157:H7 (with a 1.0-log CFU/g increase during storage) as a function of salt, SPP, and lactate. The resultant probability model indicated that lactate at higher concentrations decreased the probability of growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, and the effect was more pronounced at higher salt concentrations. At salt concentrations below 1.3%, the increase of SPP concentration marginally increased the growth probabilities of E. coli O157:H7. The model illustrated the effect of salt, SPP, and lactate on the growth probabilities and growth or no-growth behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and can be used to improve the microbial food safety of ground beef products.

scholarly journals CONSEQUENTIALITY BELIEFS AND CONSUMER VALUATION OF EXTRINSIC ATTRIBUTES IN BEEF

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOGU LI ◽  
KIMBERLY L. JENSEN ◽  
DAYTON M. LAMBERT ◽  
CHRISTOPHER D. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Consumer Survey ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Consumer Valuation ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Survey Responses

AbstractThis study measures willingness to pay (WTP) for extrinsic attributes (Angus, local, DNA traceable, raised carbon friendly, and humanely treated cattle) in steak and ground beef using choice-based experiments from a national consumer survey. Belief that survey responses could have consequences on beef products offered by the steak and ground beef industry is investigated, as well as its effect on attribute WTP. For most attributes, belief in consequentiality increases WTP. Results suggest that although consequentiality believers tend to place greater importance on certain food industry issues, they are less certain about the attribute's provision actually effecting change in the industry.

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