Serological responses to koi herpesvirus (KHV) in a non‐cyprinid reservoir host

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Michael Bergmann ◽  
Juliane Dabels ◽  
Sandro Klafack ◽  
Yeonwha Jin ◽  
Pei‐Yu Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus

DETECTION OF LEISHMANIA INFECTION IN STRAY DOGS IN HUMAN LEISHMANIASIS ENDEMIC AREA IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT WITH ITS POSSIBLE PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN BANGLADESH

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hossen
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Human Leishmaniasis ◽  
Strip Test

Background: Leishmaniasis is primarily caused by two species of Leishmania (L. donovani and L. infantum) of which clinical infection with L. infantum has been recognized in both humans and dogs as zoonotic disease with dogs as the main reservoir hosts in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia and South America. Although L. donovani has been associated with both clinical and asymptomatic infection in humans but it is still associated with asymptomatic infection in dogs in Indian sub-continent without any evidence of zoonotic infection. Objectives: The objective of this research was to investigate the potentiality of dog as reservoir host for visceral leishmaniasis in the human leishmaniasis endemic regions in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 stray dogs in the human VL endemic areas of Mymensingh district were captured for the detection VL during the period of November 2010 to May 2011. The dipstick test rK39 (Bios International; n = 20), Giemsa’s stained impression smears of liver and spleen (n = 6) and PCR with the tissue of liver and spleen (n = 6) were tested as per manufacturer instructions and conventional standard methods. Results: Out of 20 stray dogs examined, 4 (20.0%) were positive for L. donovani infection with rK39 strip test. Of the six randomly selected dogs tested with Modified Giemsa’s stained of impression smears of spleen and liver showed 2 (33.33%) positive whereas PCR technique detected 5 (83.33%) positive for L. donovani. Results of PCR showed 145bp amplicon, specific for L. donovani infection in 83.33% stray dogs. Conclusions: This study reveals that a high percentage of L. donovani asymptomatic carrier infections occur in dogs and evidence indicates that dogs and humans may potentially serve as a source of infection to sand fly vectors and accordingly dogs can be recognized as a probable animal reservoir for the Leishmania infection in the endemic region in Bangladesh. However, further studies are required to determine the ability of dogs to transmit the L. donovani to the vector sand fly in nature and its evidence on ‘One Health’ perspectives. Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis, Endemic region, Stray dogs, rK39 strip test, Giemsa’s stained liver and spleen impression smears, PCR, Reservoir host, Mymensingh

scholarly journals Updated and Validated Pan-Coronavirus PCR Assay to Detect All Coronavirus Genera

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Myndi G. Holbrook ◽  
Simon J. Anthony ◽  
Isamara Navarrete-Macias ◽  
Theo Bestebroer ◽  
Vincent J. Munster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Viral Surveillance ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Coronavirus (CoV) spillover events from wildlife reservoirs can result in mild to severe human respiratory illness. These spillover events underlie the importance of detecting known and novel CoVs circulating in reservoir host species and determining CoV prevalence and distribution, allowing improved prediction of spillover events or where a human–reservoir interface should be closely monitored. To increase the likelihood of detecting all circulating genera and strains, we have modified primers published by Watanabe et al. in 2010 to generate a semi-nested pan-CoV PCR assay. Representatives from the four coronavirus genera (α-CoVs, β-CoVs, γ-CoVs and δ-CoVs) were tested and all of the in-house CoVs were detected using this assay. After comparing both assays, we found that the updated assay reliably detected viruses in all genera of CoVs with high sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity of the original assay was lower. Our updated PCR assay is an important tool to detect, monitor and track CoVs to enhance viral surveillance in reservoir hosts.

scholarly journals Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayden D. Hedman ◽  
Eric Krawczyk ◽  
Yosra A. Helmy ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Csaba Varga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.

scholarly journals From Protein to Pandemic: The Transdisciplinary Approach Needed to Prevent Spillover and the Next Pandemic

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Raina K. Plowright ◽  
Peter J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Transdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Global Spread

Pandemics are a consequence of a series of processes that span scales from viral biology at 10−9 m to global transmission at 106 m. The pathogen passes from one host species to another through a sequence of events that starts with an infected reservoir host and entails interspecific contact, innate immune responses, receptor protein structure within the potential host, and the global spread of the novel pathogen through the naive host population. Each event presents a potential barrier to the onward passage of the virus and should be characterized with an integrated transdisciplinary approach. Epidemic control is based on the prevention of exposure, infection, and disease. However, the ultimate pandemic prevention is prevention of the spillover event itself. Here, we focus on the potential for preventing the spillover of henipaviruses, a group of viruses derived from bats that frequently cross species barriers, incur high human mortality, and are transmitted among humans via stuttering chains. We outline the transdisciplinary approach needed to prevent the spillover process and, therefore, future pandemics.

Koi Herpesvirus Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 657-671
Author(s):  
Mina Ziarati ◽  
Fatemeh Hassantabar
Keyword(s):  
Koi Herpesvirus

scholarly journals Ecological Factors Characterizing the Prevalence of Bacterial Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pastures and Woodlands

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (13) ◽  
pp. 4413-4420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lénaïg Halos ◽  
Séverine Bord ◽  
Violaine Cotté ◽  
Patrick Gasqui ◽  
David Abrial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Adult Tick ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Spotted Fever Group ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

ABSTRACT Ecological changes are recognized as an important driver behind the emergence of infectious diseases. The prevalence of infection in ticks depends upon ecological factors that are rarely taken into account simultaneously. Our objective was to investigate the influences of forest fragmentation, vegetation, adult tick hosts, and habitat on the infection prevalence of three tick-borne bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Rickettsia sp. of the spotted fever group, in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks, taking into account tick characteristics. Samples of questing nymphs and adults were taken from 61 pastures and neighboring woodlands in central France. The ticks were tested by PCR of pools of nymphs and individual adults. The individual infection prevalence was modeled using multivariate regression. The highest infection prevalences were found in adult females collected in woodland sites for B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum (16.1% and 10.7%, respectively) and in pasture sites for Rickettsia sp. (8.7%). The infection prevalence in nymphs was lower than 6%. B. burgdorferi sensu lato was more prevalent in woodlands than in pastures. Forest fragmentation favored B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum prevalence in woodlands, and in pastures, the B. burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence was favored by shrubby vegetation. Both results are probably because large amounts of edges or shrubs increase the abundance of small vertebrates as reservoir hosts. The Rickettsia sp. prevalence was maximal on pasture with medium forest fragmentation. Female ticks were more infected by B. burgdorferi sensu lato than males and nymphs in woodland sites, which suggests an interaction between the ticks and the bacteria. This study confirms the complexity of the tick-borne pathogen ecology. The findings support the importance of small vertebrates as reservoir hosts and make a case for further studies in Europe on the link between the composition of the reservoir host community and the infection prevalence in ticks.

Is nitric oxide involved in the tolerance of Calomys callosus as a reservoir host towards Trypanosoma cruzi infection?

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
C DOST ◽  
J SARAIVA ◽  
U ZENTGRAF ◽  
N MONESI ◽  
W ENGELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Calomys Callosus ◽  
Cruzi Infection

scholarly journals Experimental infection by microparasites affects the oxidative balance in their avian reservoir host the blackbird Turdus merula

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 720-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Norte ◽  
David Costantini ◽  
Pedro Miguel Araújo ◽  
Marcel Eens ◽  
Jaime Albino Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Turdus Merula ◽  
Oxidative Balance

scholarly journals The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Skinner ◽  
E. H. Knight ◽  
L. S. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Simulated Field

SUMMARYExposure of weaned hamsters to an environment contaminated with LCM virus shed by tolerantly infected mice led to short subclinical infections. If infection occurred in early pregnancy, the young appeared normal at birth but their tissues were highly infective. For two to three months their bites and urine were also highly infective. A viraemia did not persist long enough for successive vertical transmissions of the infection to be likely. However, the viruria persisted in most prenatally infected hamsters for at least eight months and under simulated field conditions was a potent virus source for contact infections, leading to further generations of prenatally infected young. In the absence of the natural reservoir host, such long-term carriers could have been a major factor in causing the build-up of infection in colonies of hamsters which, when purchased as household pets, led to a recent spate of human clinical infections in Germany and the U.S.A.

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