scholarly journals Fundamental resource specialization of herbivorous butterflies decreases towards lower latitudes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Nakadai ◽  
Tommi Nyman ◽  
Koya Hashimoto ◽  
Takaya Iwasaki ◽  
Anu Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
Resource Specialization

scholarly journals The Interplay between Behavior and Morphology in the Evolutionary Dynamics of Resource Specialization

2007 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. E34-E52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rueffler ◽  
Tom J. M. Van Dooren ◽  
Johan A. J. Metz
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Resource Specialization

Ecophysiological determinants of the variation in 137Cs concentrations between and within lacustrine fish populations

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2727-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Sundbom ◽  
Markus Meili
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Chernobyl Fallout ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Resource Specialization ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Biomagnification Factors ◽  
Fish Trophic Position

One decade after the Chernobyl fallout, the variability of 137Cs activity concentrations among fish within a Swedish lake was >20-fold based on 1361 individuals from seven species collected continually during 1996–1999. Of the total variability, 64% was due to differences between species but only 7% due to temporal variation, which was 1.3-fold for the whole community and 1.3- to 2-fold for population means. Contamination increased with body size (0.6- to 6-fold) and decreased with body condition in most species (1.3-fold). Body size and time together accounted for about half of the total variation within populations. Fish 137Cs was related to differences in feeding ecology, both between and within populations. Biomagnification factors ranged from 2.4 to 5.8. Contamination was highest in piscivorous populations and individuals, intermediate in herbivores and zooplanktivores, and lowest in fish specialized in benthic invertebrates despite their association with contaminated sediments. The 137Cs variance within populations was not correlated with their niche width but moderately positively correlated with fish trophic position and strongly positively correlated with functional omnivory (diversity in prey 137Cs). We conclude that individual resource specialization is an important source of variation in 137Cs concentrations within fish populations.

scholarly journals Brain size and resource specialization predict long-term population trends in British birds

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1578) ◽  
pp. 2305-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Shultz ◽  
Richard B. Bradbury ◽  
Karl L. Evans ◽  
Richard D. Gregory ◽  
Tim M. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Resource Specialization

scholarly journals Climate, species richness, and body size drive geographical variation in resource specialization of herbivorous butterflies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Nakadai ◽  
Tommi Nyman ◽  
Koya Hashimoto ◽  
Takaya Iwasaki ◽  
Anu Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Resource Specialization ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
General Prediction

AbstractRevealing drivers of variation in resource specialization is a long-standing goal in ecological and evolutionary research. As a general prediction, the degree of resource specialization increases towards lower latitudes. Although herbivorous insects are one of the best-studied consumer groups, factors determining the degree of specialization on large spatial scales are poorly understood. Herein, we focused on the fundamental host breadth of 246 herbivorous butterfly species distributed across the Japanese archipelago. Using Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling based on information of pooled geographical occurrence and host use, we show that local butterfly communities tend to become more specialized towards higher latitudes, a pattern that is opposite to predictions from classical hypotheses. We also found that the pattern is mainly driven by factors related to climate, butterfly diversity, and body size in each community. Our results re-emphasize the importance of current climate as a regulating factor for butterfly host breadth and morphology.

scholarly journals Economic development management in a water-capacious economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Fedulova ◽  
Volodymyr Dubnytskyi ◽  
Vitalina Komirna ◽  
Nataliia Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Resource Specialization ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Impact

The world tendencies of spatial development, namely the availability of limited resources (primarily water) and the growth of the world’s food needs focus on the resource specialization of the region. On this basis, the purpose of the article is to study the impact of the water-capacious economy on the economic development of the country and its regions. The study used the traditional and special methods, including: historical and logical method – to analyze the functioning of regional socio-economic systems under limited water resources; and system analysis methods – to evaluate the impact of the water-capacious economy on the economic development of the country and its regions. The research results have important implications for the management of the territories. The authors show that the production specialization of the regions of Ukraine on the export/import of water-capacious products is not determined by their water supply. They also suggest that stimulating the region’s water-efficient activity should lead to a minimization of the water capacity of gross regional product and the reproduction of water capital, taking into account the water security of the regions. The authors also show that the water resources of the country and its regions and the natural water potential of the territories in the current situation become significant restriction to the economic development of territories, which allows to state the need to change the approaches to the regulation of regional development based on limited water resources.

scholarly journals Comparing ecological and evolutionary variability within datasets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Royauté ◽  
Ned A. Dochtermann
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Resource Specialization ◽  
Variance Ratios ◽  
Per Se

Variance ratios—including heritability, repeatability, and individual resource specialization—are an integral part of evolutionary ecology. Understanding evolutionary and ecological processes, and how these processes may differ among populations and environments, can require the comparison of these ratios across groups. Unfortunately, inference based on comparisons of ratios is limited because groups can differ due to differences in the numerator, denominator, or both. Moreover, we suggest that evolutionary ecologists are almost always more interested in specific variance component differences among groups rather than in differences in variance ratios per se. Unfortunately, recommendations for how to infer whether groups differ are not clear in the literature. Here we show how questions regarding variance components and how they vary among groups can be asked using Hierarchical Linear Model approaches (HLMs). Using simulations, we demonstrate that both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks have similar abilities to infer differences in variance components. Our simulations also show that scenarios where differences occur at higher levels of organization can be difficult to detect at low sample sizes. We conclude by providing guidelines for how to report and draw inferences based on comparisons of variance components and variance ratios.

scholarly journals The global distribution of diet breadth in insect herbivores

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Forister ◽  
Vojtech Novotny ◽  
Anna K. Panorska ◽  
Leontine Baje ◽  
Yves Basset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Resource Specialization

Understanding variation in resource specialization is important for progress on issues that include coevolution, community assembly, ecosystem processes, and the latitudinal gradient of species richness. Herbivorous insects are useful models for studying resource specialization, and the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects is one of the most common and consequential ecological associations on the planet. However, uncertainty persists regarding fundamental features of herbivore diet breadth, including its relationship to latitude and plant species richness. Here, we use a global dataset to investigate host range for over 7,500 insect herbivore species covering a wide taxonomic breadth and interacting with more than 2,000 species of plants in 165 families. We ask whether relatively specialized and generalized herbivores represent a dichotomy rather than a continuum from few to many host families and species attacked and whether diet breadth changes with increasing plant species richness toward the tropics. Across geographic regions and taxonomic subsets of the data, we find that the distribution of diet breadth is fit well by a discrete, truncated Pareto power law characterized by the predominance of specialized herbivores and a long, thin tail of more generalized species. Both the taxonomic and phylogenetic distributions of diet breadth shift globally with latitude, consistent with a higher frequency of specialized insects in tropical regions. We also find that more diverse lineages of plants support assemblages of relatively more specialized herbivores and that the global distribution of plant diversity contributes to but does not fully explain the latitudinal gradient in insect herbivore specialization.

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