Revealing the colourful side of birds: spatial distribution of conspicuous plumage colours on the body of Australian birds

ABSTRACTIn many species of birds, different body parts often display very different colours. This spatial distribution of coloured plumage patches may be determined by the balance between being cryptic to predators, and conspicuous to intended receivers. If this is the case, ventral and anterior body parts in birds–which are less visible to predators but more prominent to conspecifics– should present more conspicuous and sexually dichromatic plumage colours. Here I test these predictions using reflectance spectrometric measurements of standardised plumage patches across males and females for nearly an entire avifauna (Australian landbirds, N = 538 species). My data show that, as predicted, conspicuous colours are mainly located near the head, while the plumage of the back is the most cryptic. However, there is considerable variation across species, and this makes position on the body a relatively modest predictor of plumage elaboration (R2= 0.15-0.19). One clear exception to this pattern is the conspicuous rump coloration. In many species, this patch can be concealed by wings, and therefore exposed only when necessary. In addition, conspicuous rump coloration could deflect or confuse predators in case of attack. Finally, patterns for sexual dichromatism were much weaker (R2= 0.02), whereby wing and tail showed lower levels of dichromatism than the rest of the body.

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The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in autolysed samples from an exhumed decomposed body: Implications to virus survival, genome stability and spatial distribution in tissues

10.1101/2021.02.16.21251805 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahadeshwara Prasad ◽

Somanna Ajjamada Nachappa ◽

Niveditha Anand ◽

Deepika Udayawara Rudresh ◽

Yashika Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Genome Stability ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Early Stage ◽

Extended Period ◽

Virus Genome ◽

The Body ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Viral Transport Medium ◽

Virus Survival

AbstractHere we report for the first time the SARS-CoV-2 detection in autolysed samples from an exhumed decomposed body post-thirty six days after death. Both naso-oropharyngeal swabs and visceral samples from the lung, intestine, liver, and kidney were collected from the body exhumed post-fifteen days after burial, stored in viral transport medium and in saturated salt solution respectively. Naso-oropharyngeal swabs showed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome as identified by the amplification of viral E, N, RdRP, or ORF1ab genes by RT-PCR. Subsequent examination of tissues reveal the detection of the virus genome in the intestine and liver, while no detection in the kidney and lung. These results signify the genome stability and implicate the virus survival in decomposed swab samples and in tissues and thereafter in storage solution. Further results also indicate spatial distribution of the virus in tissues during the early stage of infection in the subject with no respiratory distress. Considering the presence of cool, humid, and moist location of the exhumation, the presence of virus genome might also indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can persist for more than seven days on the surface of dead bodies similar to the Ebola virus, confirming that transmission from deceased subjects is possible for an extended period after death. These results further reaffirm the robustness of the RT-PCR aiding in the detection of viruses or their genome in decomposed samples when other methods of detection could not be useful.

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Pattern alteration of women’s suits based on ease distribution

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology ◽

10.1108/ijcst-07-2015-0083 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bingfei Gu ◽

Junqiang Su ◽

Guolian Liu ◽

Bugao Xu

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Automatic Generation ◽

The Body ◽

Distribution Models ◽

New Approach ◽

Type Design ◽

Garment Fit ◽

Body Scanner ◽

Ease Allowance

Purpose The goal of this study was to realize pattern alterations for women’s suits by using the spatial distribution of distance ease in the body-garment interface. Design/methodology/approach An unclothed mannequin and the mannequin clothed with seven suits having different ease allowances were scanned by a 3D body scanner respectively. The image of the unclothed mannequin was then superimposed on that of each clothed mannequin (suit) to exhibit the differences in ease distribution among these suits. The distance eases at ten selected body landmarks were determined by measuring the gaps between the body and suit surfaces. Findings The mathematical models of ease distributions were built through the regression analysis to predict the distance ease with a given ease allowance. After the verification with the actual measurements, these ease distribution models could provide localized distance eases for alternating pattern pieces to ensure a specified ease allowance. Originality/value In order to realize the automatic generation of garment patterns, the ease distribution between a human body and a garment is crucial because ease is one of the determinants for garment fit. This study demonstrated a new approach of automatic pattern alteration based on 3D scanned data to accelerate the pattern making process for women’s suits with customized ease allowance.

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Analisis Kualitas Perairan Pada Wilayah Perairan Pulau Serangan Bagian Utara Berdasarkan Baku Mutu Air Laut

Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.24843/jmas.2017.v3.i02.163-170 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ni Luh Gede Rai Ayu Saraswati ◽

I Wayan Arthana ◽

I Gede Hendrawan

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Sea Water ◽

Research Result ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Water Area ◽

The Body ◽

Water Surface Temperature

Water quality monitoring is one of important activity, especially in coastal water, which susceptive with pollution. Water area of Serangan Island is a tidal flat area, influenced by fresh water and sea water inputs. The existence activities, such as cage aquaculture and tourism, and input from river, are threatened to decrease the water quality in north of Serangan water. This research was conducted to the condition of water quality based on water quality standard for aquatic organisms and its spatial distribution. The parameters measured were temperature, salinity, pH, DO, turbidity, and BOD5, in 8 sample points. Some parameters measured directly on water surface (temperature, salinity, pH and DO) and the others were analyzed in laboratory (turbidity, and BOD5). BOD5 was analyzed by standard method of Delzer & McKenzie. Based on research, the result of temperature values ranged from 28,9°C-30,5°C; salinity 29,6 ppt-32,7 ppt; pH 7,7-7,9; DO 3 mg/L-4,4 mg/L; turbidity 1,9 ntu-7,6 ntu; and BOD5 2,8 mg/L-5,4 mg/L. The water quality in Serangan had a different spatial distribution in each parameters. Overall, based on research result, the water quality condition in the body water of Serangan island was good and suitable to support aquatic organisms living.

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Modelling of the electric locomotion DS3 working

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201929405006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 294 ◽

pp. 05006

Author(s):

Dmytro Bannikov ◽

Anatoliy Radkevich ◽

Antonina Muntian

Keyword(s):

Finite Element Method ◽

Finite Element ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Numerical Model ◽

Total Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Single System ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Electric Locomotive ◽

Element Method

The purpose of the work is to evaluate the spatial distribution of the rigidity of the carrier frame and the body of the Ukrainian electric locomotive DC3 as a single system during operation and repair. The research was carried out on the basis of the finite element method with the application of design and computing complex SCAD for Windows. The numerical model of the electric locomotive was built, tested and then used to identify the causes and providing guidance on solving some specific operational questions. They are included, for example, the possibility of eliminating the body skew when jacking up on jacks and jamming the door as a result. The researches showed that the structure of the electric locomotive DS3 in general has a rather high spatial rigidity, both in transverse and longitudinal directions, and on torsion. However, for some practical repair tasks there is not enough for that rigidity. It was recommended to increase the thickness of the shell of its body up to 4 mm or the roof up to 8 mm, which leads to an increasing in the total mass of the machine by about 2,5 and 3,5 tons, respectively.

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Spatial Distribution ofGyrodactylus salmonis(Monogenea) on the Body of Captive FingerlingOncorhynchus mykiss, Including Attachment Within the Olfactory Chamber

Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.1645/15-901 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 174-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ebrahim Lari ◽

David K. Cone ◽

Cameron P. Goater ◽

Greg G. Pyle

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

The Body

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Spatial distribution of epibionts on olive ridley sea turtles at Playa Ostional, Costa Rica

10.1101/669523 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nathan J. Robinson ◽

Emily Lazo-Wasem ◽

Brett O. Butler ◽

Eric A. Lazo-Wasem ◽

John D. Zardus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Sea Turtles ◽

Sea Turtle ◽

The Body ◽

Olive Ridley ◽

Quantitative Characterization ◽

Lepidochelys Olivacea ◽

Almost All ◽

Full Body

ABSTRACTThere is a wealth of published information on the epibiont communities of sea turtles, yet many of these studies have exclusively sampled epibionts found only on the carapace. Considering that epibionts may be found on almost all body-surfaces and that it is highly plausible to expect different regions of the body to host distinct epibiont taxa, there is a need for quantitative comparative studies to investigate spatial variation in the epibiont communities of turtles. To achieve this, we measured how total epibiont abundance and biomass on olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea varies among four body-areas of the hosts (n = 30). We show that epibiont loads on olive ridleys are higher, both in terms of number and biomass, on the skin than they are on the carapace or plastron. This contrasts with previous findings for other hard-shelled sea turtles, where epibionts are usually more abundant on the carapace. Moreover, the arguably most ubiquitous epibiont taxon for other hard-shelled sea turtles, the barnacle Chelonibia spp., only occurs in relatively low numbers on olive ridleys, while the barnacles Stomatolepas elegans and Platylepas hexastylos are far more abundant. We postulate that these differences between the epibiont communities of different sea turtle taxa could indicate that the carapaces of olive ridley turtles provide a more challenging substratum for epibionts than do the hard shells of other sea turtles. In addition, we conclude that it is important to conduct full body surveys when attempting to produce a holistic qualitative or quantitative characterization of the epibiont communities of sea turtles.

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Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Cadmium and Lead in Sediment, Water and Its Response of Metal Transcription Factor-1 in Cardinal Fish Apogon beauforti

ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences ◽

10.14710/ik.ijms.23.1.45-54 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Dominggus Rumahlatu ◽

Estevanus Kristian Huliselan ◽

Sriyanti Imelda A Salmanu

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Water Column ◽

Indirect Elisa ◽

Seasonal Distribution ◽

The Body ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Cadmium Lead ◽

Cadmium And Lead ◽

Transcription Factor 1

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are known to have high toxic effects and have been found polluting marine environment. Regular monitor the concentration of heavy metals in marine waters is necessary by combining chemical and biological analysis. This research was conducted to analyze the levels of heavy metals in sediment, water column, cardinal fish Apogon beauforti, and to measure the concentration of MTF-1 protein in A. beauforti. This research was conducted at four sampling stations at Ambon bay for 2 years. The levels of Cd and Pb metals were analyzed using AAS instruments (Atomic Absorbsion Spectrophotometer), while the concentration of MTF-1 protein in the body of A. beauforti was analyzed using indirect ELISA. The results showed that the seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals Cd and Pb at Ambon bay did not show any variation. The results of the ANOVA proved that the concentrations of heavy metals Cd and Pb in the four research stations were not significantly different in the year 2013 and in the year 2014 in the samples of sediment, the water column, and the body of A. beauforti. In addition, it was revealed that the concentration of MTF-1 protein of A. beauforti in 2014 was higher than that in 2013, with an average of the concentration of MTF-1 protein of A.beauforti was higher at station 2, which was at Ferry Galala Harbor. Keywords: distribution, spatial, seasonal, cadmium, lead, MTF-1, Apogon beauforti

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Spatial Distribution of Causes of Death in the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami at Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2020.p0943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 943-958

Author(s):

Tomoki Serikawa ◽

Shuji Seto ◽

Anawat Suppasri ◽

Fumihiko Imamura ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

The Body ◽

Tsunami Disaster ◽

2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽

Miyagi Prefecture ◽

External Forces ◽

The Relationship

To predict and suppress human casualty in a future tsunami disaster, it is crucial to analyze victim information from past disasters and clarify the causes of human casualty. Examining the causes of human casualty requires analyses that combine various hazard information and victim information in subregional units. This study aims to grasp the factors that caused human casualty during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 using Miyagi Prefectural Police Headquarters’ victim information. Therefore, at Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture, we researched the spatial distribution of causes of death based on the victims’ addresses and the corpse location, as well as the occurrence factor of each cause of death. As a result, we obtain the following results. (1) The spatial distribution of victims based on the corpse location is more clearly related to the hazard than the victim’s address. In other words, it is proved that the detection site of the body is significant when examining the relationship between human casualty and hazards. (2) The hypothesis of each cause of death is verified based on the spatial distribution of each cause of death, hazard information, the victim’s age, and the date of detecting the body. As a result, it is suggested that drowning, death due to fire, and hypothermia are causes of death related to external forces. It is also suggested that hypothermia and heart disease are causes of death related to individual fragility. (3) Such a possibility showed that the cause of death could not be identified for death from unknown origin due to the bodies’ decay resulting from taking time to detect the dead bodies. (4) We propose a diagram of relationship between the causes of death and the occurrence of factors of death at Ishinomaki City. In the future, to generalize the relationship, it is considered that the same analysis will be required in the coastal municipalities of Miyagi Prefecture.

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Structure of the parasite infracommunity of Sciades proops from the Japaratuba River Estuary, Sergipe, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.02514 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 906-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. P. S. Carvallho ◽

R. M. Takemoto ◽

C. M. Melo ◽

V. L. S. Jeraldo ◽

R. R. Madi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Dominant Species ◽

River Estuary ◽

Paratenic Host ◽

The Body ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Swim Bladder ◽

Typical Pattern ◽

Aggregate Distribution ◽

Estuarine Region

Abstract The catfish species Sciades proops inhabits muddy estuaries and shallow brackish lagoons, as well as freshwater. For these reasons, it is believed that this species may act as an intermediate, definitive and paratenic host in the life cycle of many parasites. From November 2010 to November 2011 and from August 2012 to July 2013, a total of 126 specimens of Sciades proops from the estuarine region of the Japaratuba River in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, were examined for parasites, of which 84.13% were infected by at least one species: Ergasilus sp. (Copepoda) (Prevalence P = 77.78%, Mean of Intensity MI = 10.08 ± 15.48, Mean Abundance MA = 14.27 ± 7.48) in the gills, Contracaecum sp. (P = 23.02%, MI = 20.59 ± 80.58, MA =39.12 ± 4.47) in the general cavity, Procamallanus sp. (P = 0.79%, MI = 1, MA = 0.01 ± 0.09), Raphidascaroides sp. (P = 2.31%, MI = 1.33 ± 0.58, MA = 0.33 ± 0.22) and Cuccullanus sp. (Nematoda) (P = 0.79%, MI = 1, MA = 0.01 ± 0.09) in the intestine, Ancyrocephalinae (Monogenea) (P = 0.79%, MI = 1, MA = 0.01 ± 0.09) in the gills, Pseudoacanthostomumpanamense (P = 1.59%, MI = 9.00 ± 8.49, MA = 0.14 ± 1.36) in the intestine, Clinostomum sp. (P = 1.59%, MI = 17.50 ± 23.33, MA = 0.29 ± 3.03) on the body surface and two unidentified metacercariae, referred to as Metacercaria 1 (P = 0.79%; IM = 1, MA = 0.01 ± 0.09) and Metacercaria 2 (Digenea) (P = 0.79%, MI = 7, MA = 0.06 ± 0.62) in the swim bladder. Ergasilus sp. was the dominant species and thus classified as core, with Contracaecum sp. as the satellite and other species as secondary species. The spatial distribution of infection with Ergasilus sp. and Contracaecum sp. showed a typical pattern of aggregate distribution. The sex of the host did not influence parasitic infections, but infection with Ergasilus sp. showed a positive and significant correlation with biometric and epidemiologic parameters, whereas infection with Contracaecum sp. was correlated only with prevalence and abundance.

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