Decision‐making in civil litigation: Effects of attorney credibility, evidence strength, and juror cognitive processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 498-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve M. Wood ◽  
Alicia DeVault ◽  
Monica K. Miller ◽  
Markus Kemmelmeier ◽  
Alicia D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Civil Litigation ◽  
Evidence Strength

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

Parental Decision-Making for Surgery and Anesthesia in Young Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110216
Author(s):  
Audrey Rosenblatt ◽  
Michael Kremer ◽  
Olimpia Paun ◽  
Barbara Swanson ◽  
Rebekah Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Parental Decision ◽  
Parental Decision Making ◽  
Health Care Context ◽  
The Relationship

Millions of young children undergo surgery and anesthesia each year, yet there is a lack of scientific consensus about the safety of anesthesia exposure for the developing brain. Also poorly understood is parental anesthesia-related decision-making and how neurotoxicity information influences their choices. The theoretical model of parental decision-making generated in this research explicates this process. Interviews with 24 mothers yielded a theoretical framework based on their narratives developed using a qualitative grounded theory analysis. Five major themes emerged from these interviews: emotional processing, cognitive processing, relationships as resources, the mother/child dyad, and the health care context. Mothers described a non-linear, iterative process; they moved fluidly through emotional and cognitive processing supported by relationships as resources and influenced by the health care context. A key element was the subtheme of the medical translator, an individual who provided context and information. The mother/child dyad grounded the model in the relationship with the child.

The cognitive effects of jury aids on decision-making in complex civil litigation

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 867-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Forsterlee ◽  
Leeana Kent ◽  
Irwin A. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil Litigation ◽  
Cognitive Effects

scholarly journals Affective Effect: Issue Engagement on a Youth E-Participation Platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Lampoltshammer ◽  
Qinfeng Zhu ◽  
Peter Parycek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Common Type ◽  
System Level ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Intelligence Theory ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Gap

While E-participation promotes citizen participation in democratic decision-making processes, and often takes place through deliberation, citizens are expected to be cool-headed individuals equipped with reason and logic, insulating their actions from the impulse of emotion. However, research in neuroscience and cognitive science has found that emotion plays a vital part in cognitive processing and is instrumental in decision-making. This study thus fills this research gap by examining the effect of emotions in eliciting participation on a youth E-participation platform. Following affective intelligence theory and appraisal theory, the authors specifically examined three types of emotions; namely, anger, anxiety, and sadness. By applying methods in the field of text and statistical analysis, the authors found that anxiety, although the least common type of emotion expressed on the E-participation platform, was associated with an increased level of engagement. On the contrary, anger dominated issue discussion across topics, and sadness prevailed in the discourse on system-level economic issues.

scholarly journals Artificial Minds with Consciousness and Common sense Aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 1430-1449
Author(s):  
K.R. Shylaja ◽  
M.V. Vijayakumar ◽  
E. Vani Prasad ◽  
Darryl N. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Consciousness Level ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
The Common

The research work presented in this article investigates and explains the conceptual mechanisms of consciousness and common-sense thinking of animates. These mechanisms are computationally simulated on artificial agents as strategic rules to analyze and compare the performance of agents in critical and dynamic environments. Awareness and attention to specific parameters that affect the performance of agents specify the consciousness level in agents. Common sense is a set of beliefs that are accepted to be true among a group of agents that are engaged in a common purpose, with or without self-experience. The common sense agents are a kind of conscious agents that are given with few common sense assumptions. The so-created environment has attackers with dependency on agents in the survival-food chain. These attackers create a threat mental state in agents that can affect their conscious and common sense behaviors. The agents are built with a multi-layer cognitive architecture COCOCA (Consciousness and Common sense Cognitive Architecture) with five columns and six layers of cognitive processing of each precept of an agent. The conscious agents self-learn strategies for threat management and energy level maintenance. Experimentation conducted in this research work demonstrates animate-level intelligence in their problem-solving capabilities, decision making and reasoning in critical situations.

scholarly journals Lapses in perceptual decisions reflect exploration

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sashank Pisupati ◽  
Lital Chartarifsky-Lynn ◽  
Anup Khanal ◽  
Anne K Churchland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
Evidence Strength ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Brain States

Perceptual decision-makers often display a constant rate of errors independent of evidence strength. These 'lapses' are treated as a nuisance arising from noise tangential to the decision, e.g. inattention or motor errors. Here, we use a multisensory decision task in rats to demonstrate that these explanations cannot account for lapses' stimulus dependence. We propose a novel explanation: lapses reflect a strategic trade-off between exploiting known rewarding actions and exploring uncertain ones. We tested this model's predictions by selectively manipulating one action's reward magnitude or probability. As uniquely predicted by this model, changes were restricted to lapses associated with that action. Finally, we show that lapses are a powerful tool for assigning decision-related computations to neural structures based on disruption experiments (here, posterior striatum and secondary motor cortex). These results suggest that lapses reflect an integral component of decision-making and are informative about action values in normal and disrupted brain states.

scholarly journals C-50 Influence of Childhood Maltreatment on Decision-Making in Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1079
Author(s):  
A Olsen ◽  
M Marr ◽  
D De Boer ◽  
E Jackson ◽  
K Mackiewicz Seghete
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
Abuse Severity ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective Decision-making requires weighing potential gains and losses. Adolescents who have experienced maltreatment may be more sensitive to potential gains or losses than other adolescents. The aim of these analyses was to examine trajectories of decision-making over time in adolescents based on maltreatment history and severity. Method The study included 69 adolescents 13 to 17 years old (M = 14.9). Maltreatment history and severity were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Adolescents also completed a modified Iowa Gambling Task (mIGT). Outcomes of interest were the percentage of advantageous responses and net score (measure of overall performance integrating advantageous and disadvantageous plays) for each of three blocks. Results The trajectory of performance across blocks was defined using a conditional linear growth curve model with factor loadings fixed at block 1, block 2, and block 3. Greater maltreatment severity was associated with less increase in net score over time (M = -4.453, p < .001). In contrast, abuse severity (M = 6.675, p = .002) and the presence of neglect (M = 13.058, p = .002) were associated with sharper increases in net score. A regression revealed maltreatment severity, presence of abuse, presence of neglect, and abuse severity significantly predicted the percentage of advantageous plays only during the second block of the mIGT (R2 = .180, p = .030). Conclusions This study provides evidence that maltreatment history and severity are associated with the trajectory of decision-making over time. It also provides support for the importance of examining performance trajectory and heterogeneity in maltreatment regarding cognitive processing.

scholarly journals The Limitations of Comparative Institutional Analysis

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 255-260
Author(s):  
Sadie Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Comparative Institutional Analysis ◽  
Investment Law

Atul Gawande's Checklist Manifesto became a sensation in 2009 because it promised that a simple technique could powerfully discipline decision-making. Gawande had saved lives using hospital checklists, and he argued that checklists could improve outcomes in other complicated endeavors. Checklists, he explained, “provide a kind of cognitive net. They catch mental flaws.” Neil Komesar's method of comparative institutional analysis is by necessity messier than the checklist and does not claim to produce faultless policy-making. But Komesar similarly seeks to improve cognitive processing by imposing a disciplining framework on decision-making. Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer's effort to introduce Komesar's technique to the debate about foreign investment law reform is welcome. Their emphasis on tradeoffs among institutional alternatives helps us to appreciate the different contexts facing different nation states, the value of regime competition, and consequently, the importance of implementing reforms in ways that preserve a variety of options for states. If they persuade commentators and policy-makers to take stock of the tradeoffs among institutional alternatives, Puig and Shaffer will have made a meaningful contribution. Still, their analysis illustrates some of the weaknesses of comparative institutional analysis. In this essay, I identify those weaknesses and suggest that they also weigh in pluralism's favor.

Temporal Dynamics of Cognitive–Emotional Interplay in Moral Decision-making

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Sarlo ◽  
Lorella Lotto ◽  
Andrea Manfrinati ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Germano Gallicchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Specific Number

This study investigated the temporal dynamics of emotional and cognitive processing underlying decision-making in moral judgment. Thirty-seven participants were presented with a set of 60 dilemmas varying in whether killing one individual was an intended means to save others (instrumental dilemmas) or a foreseen but unintended consequence (incidental dilemmas). Participants were required to decide between Options A (letting a specific number of people die) and B (killing one person to save a specific number of people). ERPs were recorded to a slide displaying the letters A and B while subjects were deciding between the options, and movement-related potentials were recorded time-locked to the behavioral response, thus allowing the investigation of both stimulus- and response-related processes during decision-making. Ratings of emotional valence and arousal experienced during decision-making were collected after each decision. Compared with incidental dilemmas, instrumental dilemmas prompted a lower number of B choices and significantly more unpleasant decisions. A larger P260 component was found in the frontopolar and frontal areas when subjects were deciding on instrumental than incidental dilemmas, possibly reflecting an immediate affective reaction during the early stage of assessment and formation of preferences between available options. On the other hand, decisions on incidental dilemmas required greater attentional resources during the fairly controlled later processing, as reflected in the larger slow wave amplitudes. In addition, facilitation of action selection and implementation was found for incidental dilemmas during the second stage of decision-making, as supported by the larger amplitudes of both components of the Bereitschaftspotential.

scholarly journals Cognitive Processing of Visually Presented Data in Decision Making

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Cassenti ◽  
Heather Roy ◽  
Sue E. Kase
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Line Graph ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
New System

Objective: Intelligence analysis is a necessary operation for organizations engaged in adversarial decision making in military, criminal justice, and civil spheres. In particular, we focus on studying the sentiment of actors in a military-relevant decision-making task and how information pertaining to these actors is presented. Background: Two intelligence analysis systems were created to represent sentiment data. Method: These systems and another with the raw information (i.e., the control condition) were presented to experimental participants in separate trials with the pretext that they act as intelligence analysts and compare two social media actors in U.S.-occupied territory on given subject matters. Results: Results demonstrated that cognitive processing of the information improved and was preferred for the prototype that presented information in scatterplot form rather than a line graph, though side-by-side comparisons also were preferred from the disfavored system. Conclusion: We conclude with suggestions for designing intelligence analysis software that conforms to best practice in human factors with a focus on cognitive processing. Application: We hope these recommendations will improve intelligence analysis of sentiment information via a new system.

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